Pediatric (also spelled pediatrics or pÃÆ'Â|diatrics ) is a branch of medicine involving the medical care of infants, children and adolescents. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that people be under the care of children up to 21 years of age. A medical doctor specializing in this field is known as a pediatrician, or pediatrician . The word pediatrics and the original words mean "healer of children"; they come from two Greek words: ???? ( pais "child") and ?????? ( iatros "doctor, physician"). Pediatricians work well in hospitals, especially those who work in their subspecialties such as neonatology, and as primary care physicians.
Video Pediatrics
Histori
Hippocrates, Aristotle, Celsus, Soranus, and Galen have understood the differences in the growth and maturity of organisms requiring different treatment: Ex toto non sic poeri ut viri curari debent ("Generally speaking, boys should not be treated in the same way as men." Celsus).
Some of the oldest pediatric tracks can be found in Ancient India where the pediatrician was called kumara bhrtya . Sushruta Samhita ayurvedic texts, composed during the sixth century BC contains texts on pediatrics. Another ayurveda text from this period is Kashyapa Samhita .
A 2nd century AD manuscript by Greek physician and gynecologist Soranus of Ephesus dealing with neonatal pediatrics. Byzantine Doctor Oribasius, AÃÆ'§tius of Amida, Alexander Trallianus, and Paul Aegineta contributed in this field. Byzantium also builds brephotrophians (crÃÆ'ªches). The Islamic writers functioned as a bridge for Greco-Roman and Byzantine treatment and added their own ideas, especially Haly Abbas, Serapion, Avicenna, and Averroes. The Persian philosopher and physician al-Razi (865-925) published a pediatric monograph titled Children's Disease and the first definitive description of smallpox as a clinical entity. Also among the first books on pediatrics are Libellus [Opusculum] de aegritudinibus et remediis infantium 1472 ("Little Book on Illness and Childcare"), by Italian pediatrician Paolo Bagellardo. Sequentially appear BartholomÃÆ'¤us Metlinger Ein Regiment der Jungerkinder 1473, Cornelius Roelans (1450-1525) no title Buchlein, or Latin compendium, 1483, and Heinrich von Louffenburg (1391-1460) Versehung des Leibs written in 1429 (published 1491), together form Pediatric Incunabula, four great medical treatises on physiology and pathology of children.
The Swedish physician Nils RosÃÆ' nà © n von Rosenstein (1706-1773) was considered the founder of modern pediatrics as a medical specialist, while his work Children's illness and his treatment (1764) was regarded as "the first modern textbook on the subject ". Pediatrics as a specialized medical field continued to develop in the mid-19th century; German physician Abraham Jacobi (1830-1919) is known as the pediatric father of America for his many contributions to this field. He received his medical training in Germany and then put into practice in New York City.
The first generally accepted pediatric hospitals are HÃÆ'Â'pital des Enfants Malades (French: Hospital for Sick Children ), which opened in Paris in June 1802 at the previous orphanage site. From the beginning, this famous hospital received patients until the age of fifteen, and continues to this day as the pediatric division of Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, created in 1920 by combining with the physically adjacent Necker Hospital , was founded in 1778.
In other European countries, Charità ©  © (a hospital founded in 1710) in Berlin founded the separate Pediatric Pavilion in 1830, followed by similar institutions in Sankt Petersburg in 1834, and in Vienna and Breslau (now Wroc? Aw ), both in 1837 In 1852 of Britain's first childhood hospital, Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Streets. The first Children's Hospital in Scotland opened in 1860 in Edinburgh. In the US, the first such institute was the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, which opened in 1855, and then the Children's Hospital of Boston (1869). The subspecialist in pediatrics was created at Harriet Lane Home in Johns Hopkins by Edwards A. Park.
Maps Pediatrics
Difference between adult and child medication
Body size differences are aligned with maturation changes. Smaller bodies of infants or neonates are substantially physiologically different from adults. Congenital defects, genetic variances, and developmental problems are of greater concern to pediatricians than are common in adult doctors. The common saying is that children are not just "small adults". Clinicians should consider immature physiology in infants or children when considering symptoms, prescribing medications, and diagnosing illnesses.
The main difference between the practice of pediatric and adult medicine is that children, in most jurisdictions and with certain exceptions, can not make decisions for themselves. The issue of guardianship, privacy, legal responsibility and informed consent should always be considered in any pediatric procedure. Pediatricians often have to take care of the elderly and occasionally, the family, not just the child. Teenagers are in their own law class, have the right to their own health care decision under certain circumstances. The concept of legal consent is combined with the non-legal consent (consent) of the child when considering treatment options, especially in the face of conditions with poor prognosis or complicated and painful procedures/operations, meaning that pediatricians should consider the wishes of many, other than patients.
Education requirements
Medical students aspire to need a 4 year undergraduate program at a college or university, which will give them a BS, BA, MBBS or other bachelor's degree. Upon completion of college the future pediatrician will need to attend a 4 year medical school and then perform 3 more years of residency training, the first year being called "apprenticeship." After completing 3 years of residency, the doctor is eligible for certification in paediatrics by providing rigorous tests relating to medical conditions related to children.
In the future, pediatricians are required to take basic science classes such as biology, chemistry, physics, algebra, geometry and calculus as well as foreign language classes, preferably Spanish (in the United States), and engage in high school organizations and activities extracurricular. After high school, students need only meet the basic science course requirements recommended by most medical schools and need to prepare to take MCAT (Medical University Entry Tests) in their first year of first year or early in college. After attending medical school, the student course will focus on basic medical sciences such as human anatomy, physiology, chemistry, etc., for the first three years, the second year when medical students begin to gain hands-on experience with actual patients.
Pediatric Training
Pediatrician training varies around the world. Depending on the jurisdiction and the university, a medical degree program may be either a bachelor's or postgraduate degree. The first usually takes five or six years, and is common in the Commonwealth. Participants for post-admission programs (such as in the US), typically last four or five years, have previously completed university degrees of three or four years, generally but by no means always in science. Medical graduates hold a special degree for the country and university in and from which they graduate. This degree qualifies that medical practitioners to be licensed or registered under certain state laws, and sometimes from several countries, subject to the requirements for "apprentice" or "conditional registration".
Pediatricians should conduct further training in their chosen field. It may take four to eleven years or more, (depending on the jurisdiction and degree of specialization).
In the United States, medical school graduates who wish to specialize in pediatrics should undergo a three-year residency consisting of outpatient rotation, hospitalization, surgery, and critical care. Specialization in pediatrics requires further training in the form of a 3-year scholarship. Specializations include critical care, gastroenterology, neurology, infectious diseases, hematology/oncology, rheumatology, pulmonology, child abuse, emergency medicine, endocrinology, neonatology, and others.
In most jurisdictions, the entry-level level is common to all branches of the medical profession, but in some jurisdictions, specialization in pediatrics can begin before completing this degree. In some jurisdictions, child training begins as soon as the initial level of training is completed. In other jurisdictions, junior doctors should undertake generalist training (unmoved) for several years before embarking on pediatric (or other) specialties. Specialist training is often under the control of pediatric organizations (see below) rather than university, and depends on jurisdiction.
Subspecialties
Pediatric sub-specialties include:
( not a complete list )
- Adolescent medicine
- Misuse of pediatric child
- Clinical information
- Pediatric development-behavior
- Electrophysiology
- Genetics
- Headache medicine
- Hospice & amp; palliative care
- Neonatology
- Pain Medication
- Child allergy and immunology
- Child's cardiology
- Pediatric critical care
- Child emergency medicine
- Children's endocrinology
- Pediatric gastroenterology
- Pediatric hematology
- Infectious diseases
- Nephrology of children
- Children's oncology
- Neuro-oncology child
- Pediatric pulmonology
- Child rheumatology
- Sleeping medicine
- Pediatrics social
- Drugs
- Hepatology of transplantation
Other specialties that take care of children include:
- Child's neurology, specializing in himself
- Epilepsy
- Neurokritic Treatment
- Neuro-oncology child
- Child psychiatry, psychiatric subspecialty
- Pediatric anesthesia, subspecialty anesthesiology
- Pediatric dermatology, subspecialty dermatology
- Child gynecology
- Child neurosurgery, subspecialty neurosurgery
- Child's ophthalmology, ophthalmology subspecialty
- Orthopedic surgery of the child, subspecialty of orthopedic surgery
- Pediatric Otolaryngology, subclassial otolaryngology
- Treatment of pediatric rehabilitation, subspecialty of physical medicine and rehabilitation
- Child surgery, general surgical subspecialty
- Pediatric Urology, subspecialty urology
See also
- Children's hospital
- Pain in the baby
- American Academy of Pediatrics
- American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics
- Royal College of Paediatrics and Children's Health
- Center for Media and Child Health (CMCH)
- Pediatric Oncall
- Medical specialization
References
Further reading
- Contemporary Pediatrics - monthly magazine
- Clinical Pediatrics - peer-reviewed journal
- Consultant for Pediatricians - peer-reviewed journals
External links
- The American Academy of Pediatrics
- Canadian Pediatric Society
- Academia Mexicana de Pediatria
- Pediatric Collection by BMJ - A collection of Pediatric papers published at British Medical Journal .
- Health-UE Portal - Infants and children's health in the EU
- Paediatrics.info
- New York University Pediatrics Video Lecture
- Baby Feeder Collection - Historical collection of baby tableware from the UBC Library Digital Collection
- Pediatric Oncall - Child Health Care Site for doctors and parents
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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