Margaret Naumburg (May 14, 1890 - February 26, 1983) is an American psychologist, educator, artist, writer and among the first great theorists in art therapy. He named it a dynamic oriented arts therapy approach. Prior to working in the field of art therapy, he founded Walden School of New York City.
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Naumburg completed his undergraduate studies at Vassar and Barnard colleges in New York.
He works at Columbia University with John Dewey in education and at the London School of Economics and Oxford. While in Italy he studied children's education with Maria Montessori.
In 1914, Naumburg opened the first Montessori school in the United States. He opened the "Children's School" which was later renamed Walden School in 1915 in New York City. It started with two teachers and ten students who focused on letting the children develop their own interests and ideas. Naumburg believes children will not only learn knowledge, but learn how to use knowledge to their advantage. He believes self-understanding is so important that he encourages his staff at school to undergo psychoanalysis.
Until now, education has lost the importance of child behavior by treating surface action as an isolated condition. Having failed to recognize the sources of actual behavior, he is unable to effectively correct and guide human growth impulses.... New advances in psychology, however, provide the key to a real understanding of what makes a child tick.
Many leading people who teach at Walden School include Lewis Mumford, Hendrik van Loon, and Ernest Bloch.
Naumburg married the writer Waldo Frank in 1916, with whom he had a son, Thomas, in 1922. They divorced in 1924. He began writing shortly after and published his first book in 1928.
Margaret Naumburg was associated as introducing art as a therapeutic modality in the 1940s. Between 1941-47 Naumburg worked at the NY State Psychiatric Institute with adults and children and then published a series of case studies where he undertook diagnosis and therapy at institutions (Rubin, 2010, p.Ã, 59).. But he is not alone in this endeavor. He is unique in using it as the primary agent rather than a tool. He called his approach Dynamic Therapy Art Oriented mainly based on Freudian theory. The dynamic-oriented approach is his main contribution to the art therapy community. This approach promotes the "spontaneous release of the image" of the client through the withdrawn symbol and free association of artwork (Rubin, 2010, p.Ã, 145). Naumburg views Art Therapy as a typical form of psychotherapy. He also sympathizes with Jungian understanding of universal symbolism and Harry Stack Sullivan's ideas on interpersonal psychiatry. Building on the work of Freud and Jung, Naumburg explores the personal meaning of the inner symbols. Naumburg insisted that the only valid interpretation of the art of anyone comes from the creator. He is skeptical about a simple or rigid approach to symbolic meaning that is consistent with Freud's teachings of dream analysis. Naumburg writes "when the teaching of art is routine, it does not advocate the efforts of spontaneous and creative expressions that compel students" (Naumburg, 1973, pp. 137) to recreate what they already know well.
Naumburg instruction is drawing a picture. Naumburg uses a large piece of paper and allows the patient to move the material of choice, paste or paste chalk, around the page until satisfied but requests that the material be removed from the page from start to finish. After the drawing is made, the drawer is then left looking at the artwork and trying to make another shape out of graffiti. The client is encouraged to move the page around until an image is found. After the image is visible in a scribble, or painting, he is asked to color. At this point if the client wants to talk about the artwork while creating, he is compelled to do so. This technique can also be done with the eyes closed. Closing the eyes encourages the creator to become less constrained to impose the form of free flowing lines. Another way of using this technique is to use a non-dominant hand. This forces the creator to use other parts of the brain, may let go of the subconscious mind to form the symbolic image necessary to gain access to more insight about the self. Scribble drawing was developed by his sister, Florence Cane. He used this technique believing it helped unleash unconscious imagery.
Dynamic Oriented Art therapy is based on the recognition that fundamental human thoughts and feelings come from unconsciousness. Often thoughts and feelings are achieved through expressions in images rather than words. Like psychoanalytic procedures, images can deal with dreams, fantasies, daydreams, fears, conflicts, and memories. Whether trained or untrained people have the capacity to project their inner conflicts into visual form. In this approach, therapists resist the interpretation that encourages clients to discover what their images mean to them. It is important for Naumburg to avoid interpreting or commenting on the client's artwork so that the client will not change his mind about what he created and to avoid mistakes. Naumburg uses art as a means for clients to visually project their conflicts, and when it is too difficult for the client to relax, he will give them an art lesson or a specific directive project instead.
The American Art Therapy Association (ATA) recognizes its peak performance with art as the highest honor therapy by giving it the first Honorary Honorary Life honor (Junge, 2010, p.Ã, 42). He was awarded honor in 1971. He taught art therapy at the undergraduate level at New York University. He successfully lobbied for creating a graduate level program at a university that began in 1969. Naumburg taught in his eighties. He died in 1983 at the age of 92 years.
Maps Margaret Naumburg
Book by Margaret Naumburg
- Children and the world: Dialogue in modern education . (1928). New York: Harcourt, Brace. Digitized 29 October 2007.
- Study of "Free" Expression of Children's Behavior as a Means of Diagnosis and Therapy , Coolidge Foundation Publisher, 1947 - Art - 225 pages
- The Art of Schizophrenia: Its Meaning in Psychotherapy (1950)
- Psychoneurotic Art, Its Function in Psychotherapy : patient Rorschach correlation and other tests with artistic production of patients , by Adolpf G. Woltmann., Published 1953 li>
- Dynamic Oriented Art Therapy: Principles and Practice . (1966). New York: Grune & amp; Stratton. Reprinted 1987, Chicago: Magnolia Street, ISBNÃ, 0-9613309-1-0
- An Introduction to Art Therapy : The Study of the "Free" Expression of the Art on the Behavior Problems of Children and Adolescents as a Means of Diagnosis and Therapy (Copyright 1950 and 1973 by Margaret Naumburg). Preface to first edition by Nolan D. C. Lewis, M.D. New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University. Library Catalog Catalog Congress Number 73-78074
See also
- Sigmund Freud
- Carl Jung
- Edward Adamson
- Adrian Hill
- Edith Kramer
- Category: American art therapist
References
External sources
- Cane, K. D., Frank, T., Kniazzeh, C. R., Robinson, M.C, Rubin, J. A., & amp; Ulman, E. (1983). The roots of art therapy: Margaret Naumburg (1890-1983) and Florence Cane (1882-1952), family portraits. American Journal of Art Therapy, 22, 111-123.
- Naumburg, M. (1966). Dynamic oriented art therapy; principles and practices . New York: Grune and Stratton.
- Milite, G.A. (2011) Naumburg, Margaret (1890-1983). Encyclopedia of Psychology. FindArticles.com.
- Rubin, J. A. (2001). Approach to art therapy: Theories and techniques . New York: Brunner-Routledge.
- Seek help for Margaret Naumberg paper at the University of Pennsylvania Library
Malchoidi, C.A. (2007). The art therapy sourcebook (2nd ed). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Naumburg, M. (1973). Introduction to art therapy: The study of "free" art expressions of behavioral issues of children and adolescents as a means of diagnosis and therapy. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. (Original work published 1947)
Junge, M.B. (2010). Margaret Naumburg (1890-1983) the creator of the first major arts and theoretical profession profession. The history of modern art therapy in the United States (34-42). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
http://faculty.webster.edu/woolflm/naumburgcane.html
Altman, Julie. "Margaret Naumburg." Jewish Woman: Comprehensive History of Encyclopedia. March 1, 2009. The Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on November 3, 2015) & lt; http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/naumburg-margaret>.
Rubin, J. A. (2010). Introduction to art therapy: Resources and resources. New York, NY: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
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