Music therapy is the use of clinical and evidence-based music interventions to achieve individual goals in therapeutic relationships by trusted professionals who have completed approved music therapy programs. Music therapy is an expressive therapy, which consists of the process by which a music therapist uses music and all its aspects - physical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritual - to help clients improve their physical and mental health. Music therapists primarily help clients improve their health in multiple domains, such as cognitive function, motor skills, emotional development, communication, sensory, social skills, and quality of life by using active and receptive musical experiences such as improvisation, re-creation, composition, and listening and music discussions to achieve treatment goals. There is a vast quantitative base of qualitative and quantitative research literature that combines psychotherapy, biomusicology, musical acoustics, musical theory, psychoacoustics, embodied musical cognition, music aesthetics, sensory integration, and comparative musicology.
Some common practices include development work (communication, motor skills, etc.) with individuals with special needs, songwriting and listening in reminders/orientation work with parents, relaxation process and work, and rhythmic entrainment for physical rehabilitation in stroke victims. Music therapy is also used in some medical hospitals, cancer centers, schools, alcohol and drug recovery programs, psychiatric hospitals, and correctional facilities [1] "About Music Therapy & AMTA". American Music Therapy Association, 2011. November 9, 2011. & lt;/ref & gt;
Music therapy comes in two different forms: active and receptive. In active therapy, therapists and patients actively participate in creating music with their instruments, sounds, or other objects. It allows the patient to be creative and expressive through the art of music. Receptive therapy occurs in a more relaxed setting where the therapist plays or makes music for patients who are free to draw, listen or meditate. Usually the therapist determines the method unless specifically requested by the patient.
Music has been found to be an effective tool for music therapists through extensive research. It is beneficial for every individual, both physically and mentally, by increasing heart rate, reducing anxiety, stimulating the brain, and improving learning. Music therapists use their techniques to help their patients in many areas, from stress relief before and after surgery, to neuropathology such as Alzheimer's disease. One study found that children who listened to music when having a drip incorporated into their arms showed less distress and less pain than children who did not listen to music when having IV inserted. Studies have been conducted on patients who were diagnosed with different mental disorders such as anxiety, depression and schizophrenia and there has been a noticeable increase in their mental health after therapy.
Approaches used in music therapy that arise from the field of music education include Orff-Schulwerk (Orff), Dalcroze Eurhythmics, and Kodály Method. Models developed directly from music therapy are neurological music therapy (NMT), Nordoff-Robbins music therapy and Bonny's method of guided imagery and music.
Music therapists can work with individuals who have behavioral-emotional disorders. [2] To meet the needs of this population, music therapists have taken current psychological theories and used them as a basis for various types of music therapy. Different models include behavioral therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and psychodynamic therapy. The therapist has an ongoing responsibility to evaluate the extent to which the client achieves the therapeutic objectives and whether the therapeutic method used helps or inhibits the client.
One model of therapy based on neuroscience, called "neurological music therapy" (NMT), is "based on a neuroscience model of perception and music production, and the influence of music on functional changes in brain function and non-musical behavior." In other words, NMT is studying how the brain without music, how the brain with music, measuring differences, and using this difference to cause changes in the brain through music that will ultimately affect non-music clients. As Michael Thaut says: "The brains involved in music change by engaging in music." NMT trains motor responses (eg knocking feet or fingers, head movements, etc.) To help clients develop better motor skills, which help "regulate time of muscle activation patterns".
Video Music therapy
Children
Approach used with children
Nordoff-Robbins
- More information: Nordoff-Robbins music therapy
Paul Nordoff, a graduate of Juilliard School and Professor of Music, is a pianist and composer who, when seeing disabled children respond very positively to music, abandoned his academic career to further explore the possibilities of music as a means of therapy. Clive Robbins, a special educator, partnered with Nordoff for over 17 years in the exploration and research of musical effects on children with disabilities - first in England, and later in the United States in the 1950s and 60s. Their pilot project includes placement in the care unit for autistic children and child psychiatry departments, where they place programs for children with mental disorders, emotional disturbances, developmental delays, and other defects. Their success in establishing a means of communication and relationships with autistic children at the University of Pennsylvania raised the first grant of the National Institutes of Health given this nature, and a 5-year study "The project of music therapy for psychotic children under seven years in the nursery unit "involved research, publications, training and care. Some publications, including Music Therapy for Disabled Children, Creative Music Therapy, Music Therapy in Special Education, as well as instrumental and song books for children, child, released during this time. The success of Nordoff and Robbins became known globally in the mental health community, and they were invited to share their findings and offer training on an international tour that lasted several years. Funding was provided to support the establishment of the Nordoff Robbins Music Therapy Center in the United Kingdom in 1974, where a one-year graduate program for students was undertaken. In the early eighties, a center was opened in Australia, and programs and institutes for music therapy were established in Germany and other countries. In the United States, the Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy Center was founded at New York University in 1989.
Nordoff-Robbins's approach, based on the belief that everyone is able to discover meaning and benefit from musical experience, is now practiced by hundreds of international therapists. It focuses on care through the creation of music by therapists and clients together. Various techniques are used to accommodate all capabilities so that even the most inferior individuals can actively participate.
Orff Music Therapy
- More information: Orff Schulwerk
Developed by Gertrude Orff at Kindezentrum MÃÆ'¼nchen, is another approach known as Orff Music Therapy. Neither the clinical setting of the social pediatrics nor the Orff Schulwerk (school) approach to music education (developed by German composer Carl Orff) influences this method, which is used with children with developmental problems, delays and disabilities. The pediatric social area was developed after the Second World War in Germany by Theodor HellbrÃÆ'¼gge, who understood that the drug alone could not meet the complex needs of children with developmental disabilities. She consults with psychologists, occupational therapists and other mental health care professionals whose knowledge and skills can assist in the diagnosis and care of children. Gertrude Orff was asked to develop a form of therapy based on Orff Schulwerk's approach to support the patient's emotional development. The elements found in both music therapy and educational approach include an understanding of the presentation of holistic music involving words, sounds and movements; the use of music and improvised play as the provision of creative stimulus for children to investigate and explore; Orff Instrumentation, including keyboard instruments and percussion instruments as a means of participation and interaction in therapeutic settings; and finally, the musical multisensor aspect that is used by the therapist to meet the child's special needs, such as feeling and hearing.
In accordance with the attitude of humanistic psychology, the potential for child development - as in the recognition of their strengths and their disabilities, and the importance of child-therapeutic relationships are central factors in Orff's music therapy. The theoretical foundation is also influenced by a strong emphasis on social integration and parental involvement in the therapeutic process found in social pediatrics. Knowledge of developmental psychology puts into perspective how developmental defects affect children, as do their social environment and families. The basis for the interaction in this method is known as responsive interaction, in which the therapist meets the child at their level and responds accordingly to their initiative, incorporating the philosophy of humanistic psychology and development. Involving parents in this type of interaction, by asking them to participate directly or observing the therapist's techniques, equipping parents with the idea of ​​how to interact appropriately with their child, thus encouraging positive parent-child relationships.
Bonny's method of guided imagery in music
- More information: Guided imagery
Educator and music therapist Helen Lindquist Bonny (1921 - 25 May 2010) developed an approach influenced by humanistic and transpersonal psychological views, known as Bonny's method in guided imagination in music (GIM). Guided imagery refers to techniques used in natural and alternative medicine that involve the use of mental images to help the patient's physiological and psychological illness. Practitioners often suggest casual and focused images and through the use of imagination and discussion, aiming to find constructive solutions to manage their problems. Bonny applies this psychotherapeutic method to the field of music therapy by using music as a means of guiding the patient to a higher state of consciousness where self-healing and self-awareness can occur. Music is considered a "co-therapist" because of its importance. GIM with children can be used in one-on-one or group settings, and involves relaxation techniques, identification and sharing of personal feelings, and improvisations to find oneself, and encourage growth. Music selections are carefully selected for clients based on their music preferences and session goals. Usually classic pieces, it should reflect the child's age and attentional abilities in length and genre, and a full explanation of the exercise should be offered at their level of understanding.
The use of guided imagination with autistic children has been found to reduce stereotypical and hyperactive behaviors, increase attention and ability to follow instructions, and improve self-initiated, verbal and non-verbal communication.
Assessment
Assessment includes getting a complete medical history, music (ability to duplicate melody or identifying rhythm changes, etc.) and non-musical functions (social, physical/motor, emotional, etc.).
Premature baby
Premature infants are those born at 37 weeks of gestation or less. They are vulnerable to various health risks, such as abnormal breathing patterns, decreased body fat and muscle tissue, as well as eating problems. Coordination to suck and breathe is often not fully developed, making feeding a challenge. Increased developmental activity and preterm infant behavioral status when they leave the NICU, are directly related to the stimulation programs and interventions they use during hospitalization, such as music therapy.
Music therapy has many benefits that contribute to health maintenance and encouragement towards rehabilitation for children. Advanced technology that can monitor cortical activity offers a view of how music engages and produces changes in the brain during the perception and production of musical stimuli. Music therapy, when used with other methods of rehabilitation, has improved the success rate of sensorimotor, cognitive, and communicative rehabilitation. A music therapy intervention program may include an average of 18 treatment sessions. Achieving the goals of physical rehabilitation depends on the child's motivation and sense of the music and their commitment to engaging in meaningful and rewarding endeavors. Regaining full functionality also reveals the prognosis of recovery, client conditions, and available environmental resources. Both techniques use a systematic process in which the therapist helps the client by using musical experiences and connections that collaborate as a dynamic force of change towards rehabilitation.
Music has many soothing and calming properties that can be used as a sedative in rehabilitation. For example, a patient with chronic pain may decrease physiological outcomes of stress and draw attention away from pain by focusing on music.
Music therapy used in child rehabilitation has substantial emphasis on sensorimotor development including; balance and position, drive, agility, mobility, range of motion, strength, laterality, and direction. Motivational music and can be a diversionary element. Rhythmic stimulation has been found to help balance exercise for those with brain injury.
Singing is a form of rehabilitation for neurological disorders. Neurological disorders after a brain injury can be apraxia - loss to perform a purposeful movement, dysarthria, muscle control disorder (due to damage to the central nervous system), aphasia (defects in expression causing distorted speech), or language understanding. Singing exercises have been found to improve lung, speech clarity, and coordination of speech muscles, thereby, speeding up the rehabilitation of these neurological disorders. For example, melodic intonation therapy is the practice of communicating with others by singing to improve speech or improve speech production by promoting socialization, and emotional expression.
Music therapy is thought to help children with autism spectrum by providing recurrent stimuli that aim to "teach" the brain another possible way to respond that might be more useful as they grow older.
Maps Music therapy
Teen
Treatment techniques
There are many music therapy techniques used for teenagers. The model of music therapy is based on various theoretical backgrounds such as psychodynamic, behavioral, and humanistic approaches. Techniques can be classified as active vs receptive and vs. improvisation. structured. The most common techniques used in adolescents are improvisation of music, the use of songs or music initiated, music listening recipes, verbal discussions about music, and incorporating creative media outlets into therapy. Research also shows that improvisation and use of other media are two of the most used techniques by music therapists. Overall research shows that adolescents in music therapy "change more when specialized discipline music therapy techniques, such as improvisation and verbal reflection of music, are used". The results of this study indicate that music therapists should place a careful thought into their engineering choices with each client. Ultimately, those choices can affect the outcomes of care.
For those unfamiliar with music therapy, this idea may seem a bit strange, but music therapy has been found to be as effective as traditional forms of therapy. In a meta-analysis of the effects of music therapy for children and adolescents with psychopathology, Gold, Voracek, and Wigram (2004) examined ten studies conducted between 1970 and 1998 to test the effectiveness of music therapy in children and adolescents with behavior. , emotions, and developmental disorders. The meta-analysis results found that "music therapy with this client has a very significant, moderate to large effect on clinically relevant outcomes." More specifically, music therapy is most effective on a subject with a mixed diagnosis. Another important result is that "the effects of music therapy last longer when more sessions are provided."
One example of clinical work is that of music therapists who work with teenagers to improve their emotional and cognitive stability, identify factors that contribute to distress and initiate change to alleviate that distress. Music therapy can also focus on improving the quality of life and building self-esteem, self-esteem, and confidence. Improvements in this area can be measured by a number of tests, including qualitative questionnaires such as Beck's Depression Inventory, State Inventory and Accident Inventory, and Relationship Change Scale. The effects of music therapy can also be observed in patient attitudes, body language, and mood awareness changes.
The two main methods of music therapy are group meetings and one-on-one sessions. Group music therapy can include group discussions about moods and emotions in or on music, songwriting, and music improvisation. Groups that emphasize mood recognition and awareness, group cohesion, and increased self-esteem can be effective in working with adolescents. Group therapy, however, is not always the best choice for clients. One-on-one music therapy has also proven to be effective. One-on-one music therapy provides a non-invasive, non-judgmental environment, encouraging clients to demonstrate capacities that may be hidden in group situations.
Music therapy in which the client plays a musical instrument directly shows a very promising result. In particular, playing a wind instrument blends the oral and respiratory muscles, vocalizing sounds, articulation, and enhancing breath support. Symbolic Communication Training through Music is also an important technique in playing an instrument in music therapy, as it makes communication (verbally and nonverbally) improved in social situations. Most importantly, does the music give the body time signals to be regulated. Making music is also important for people of all ages because it causes motivation, increases "psychomotor" activity, causing an individual to identify with groups (in group music), regulating breathing, improving organizational skills, and improving coordination.
Although further research needs to be done to ascertain the effect of music therapy in adolescents with mood disorders, most studies have shown a positive effect.
Medical disorders
Heart disease
According to a Cochrane 2013 review, listening to music can increase heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure in those with coronary heart disease (CHD). More research is needed to determine the role of trained music therapists for people with CHD. Music does not seem to have much effect on psychological pressure. "The quality of evidence is not strong and its clinical significance is unclear." Research shows that listening to music, whether a Mozart concert or a song from the popular music charts, has been found to lower blood pressure, increase heart rate variability and can help to relieve stress.
Neurological disorders
While music therapy has been used for many years, until the mid-1980s, little empirical research has been done to support the efficacy of treatment. Since then, more research has focused on determining both the effectiveness and underlying physiological mechanisms that lead to symptom improvement. For example, a meta study that included 177 patients (more than 9 studies) showed significant effects on many of the psychopathologic negative symptoms, particularly in developmental disorders and behavior. Music therapy is especially effective in improving focus and attention, and in reducing negative symptoms such as anxiety and isolation.
Stroke
Music has been shown to affect parts of the brain. One reason for the effectiveness of music therapy for stroke victims is the capacity of music to influence emotions and social interactions. Research by Nayak et al. showed that music therapy was associated with decreased depression, increased mood, and decreased anxiety. Both descriptive and experimental studies have documented the effects of music on quality of life, involvement with the environment, expressions of feelings, awareness and response, positive associations, and socialization. In addition, Nayak et al. found that music therapy had a positive effect on social and behavioral outcomes and showed some encouraging trends in mood.
Music therapy can be used to improve function in patients who have lesions due to stroke or other disorders. More recent research shows that music can increase the motivation and positive emotions of patients. Current research also shows that when music therapy is used in conjunction with traditional therapies it improves the success rate significantly. Therefore, it is hypothesized that music therapy helps stroke survivors recover faster and with more success by improving positive emotions and patient motivations, enabling him to become more successful and feel more compelled to participate in traditional therapy.
Recent studies have examined the effect of music therapy on stroke patients when combined with traditional therapy. One study found musical integration with therapeutic upper extremity exercise gave patients a more positive emotional effect than exercise alone. In another study, Nayak et al. found that rehabilitation staff rated participants in the music therapy group more actively involved and cooperating in therapy than with the control group. Their findings provide early support for the efficacy of music therapy as complementary therapies for social functioning and participation in rehabilitation with a mood enhancement trend during acute rehabilitation.
Current research shows that when music therapy is used in conjunction with traditional therapy, it increases the rate of recovery and emotional and social deficits resulting from stroke. A study by Jeong & amp; Kim examined the impact of music therapy when combined with traditional stroke therapy in community-based rehabilitation programs. Thirty-three strokes survived randomly into one of two groups: the experimental group, which combined rhythmic music and a special rehabilitation movement for eight weeks; and control groups that seek and receive traditional therapy. The results of this study indicate that participants in the experimental group not only gain more flexibility and wider range of motion, but also increased frequency and quality of social interaction and positive mood.
Music has proven useful in the recovery of motor skills. Rhythmic hearing stimulation in the musical context in combination with traditional gait therapy enhances the stroke patient's ability to walk. The study consisted of two treatment conditions, one that received traditional gait therapy and others who received gait therapy in combination with rhythmic auditory stimulation. During stimulation of rhythmic hearing, stimulation is played back by measuring, and initiated by the heel-beating of the patient's heels. Each condition receives fifteen sessions of therapy. The results showed that the rhythmical auditory stimulation group showed more increases in step length, symmetry deviation, walking speed and rollover line length (all indicators for better gait) than the group receiving traditional therapy alone.
Schneider et al. also studied the effects of combining music therapy with standard motor rehabilitation methods. In this experiment, researchers recruited stroke patients with no prior musical experience and trained half of them in an intensive, step-by-step intensive program that took place fifteen times over three weeks, in addition to traditional treatments. These participants were trained to use smooth and coarse motor movements by learning how to use piano and drums. The other half of the patients received only traditional treatment for three weeks. Analysis of three-dimensional motion and clinical motor tests showed participants who received additional music therapy significantly had better speed, precision, and smooth movement compared to control subjects. Participants who received music therapy also showed a significant increase in daily motor activity compared to the control group. Wilson, Parsons & amp; Reutens saw the effect of melodic intonation therapy (MIT) on speech production in male singers with severe Broca's aphasia. In this study, thirty new phrases were taught in three conditions: unpredictable verbal production, retrained (repetition), or oral production trained with melody (MIT). The results show that the phrases taught under MIT conditions have superior production, and compared to exercise, the effects of MIT last longer.
Another study examined the incorporation of music with therapeutic upper extremity exercise on the perception of pain in stroke victims. For eight weeks, stroke victims participate in upper limb exercises (hands, wrists, and shoulder joints) in relation to one of three conditions: song, karaoke accompaniment, and no music. Patients participate in each condition once, in accordance with random sequences, and assess their perceived pain soon after the session. The results showed that although there was no significant difference in pain assessment across the conditions, the video observation showed more positive effects and verbal responses when performing upper limb exercises with music and karaoke accompaniment. Nayak et al. examined the combination of music therapy with traditional stroke rehabilitation and also found that the addition of music therapy improved mood and social interaction. Participants suffering from traumatic brain injury or stroke are placed in one of two conditions: standard rehabilitation or standard rehabilitation along with music therapy. Participants receive three treatments per week for up to ten treatments. The therapist found that participants who received music therapy along with traditional methods have improved social interaction and mood.
Dementia
Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia is one of the most commonly treated disorders with music therapy. Like many of the other disorders mentioned, some of the most common significant effects are seen in social behavior, leading to an increase in interaction, conversation, and other skills. A meta study of more than 330 subjects suggests music therapy results in significant improvements in social behavior, clear behaviors such as wandering and anxiety, anxiety reduction, and improvement for cognitive defects, measured by reality orientation and face recognition tests. Like many studies on MT effectiveness, positive effects on Alzheimer's and other dementias are not homogeneous among all studies. The effectiveness of treatment appears to be highly patient-dependent, quality and length of care, and other similar factors.
Another meta-study examined the proposed neurologic mechanisms behind the effects of music therapy on these patients. Many authors suspect that music has a calming effect on patients by affecting how noise is perceived: music makes familiar noise, or buffers patients from extraordinary or unfamiliar noise in their environment. Others argue that music serves as a kind of mediator for social interaction, providing a container for interacting with others without requiring much cognitive load. Because Music has the ability to access multiple parts of the brain, music therapy is very effective in providing therapeutic support for individuals with all types of dementia. Research shows that parts of the brain that are attenuated by dementia can be supported and in some cases reinforced by other areas of the brain through musical activity. Music's ability and awareness is also one of the last functions to be compromised in individuals with dementia, which makes it a very effective intervention, even in people with end-stage forms of disease. Music therapy is more than just listening or playing music. Through the use of evidence-based interventions and clinical judgments, a music therapist works to improve the lives and abilities of individuals. This intervention can reduce anxiety, improve speech and self-expression, and decrease the negative behavior and isolation that is usually found in individuals with dementia. Common negative behaviors that are consistent with dementia are depression and agitation. According to Mary S. Mittelman, director of psychosocial research at Langone Medical Center, music therapy helps to lower these two negative things substantially. The reason is because in the brain, parts related to music are maintained even through the effects of dementia. Because it is preserved, people who live their lives in blur find some clarity and familiarity through music, creating lower levels of stress and agitation.
Music & amp; memory program
Music & amp; a memory program developed by Dan Cohen, executive director for nonprofit organizations. The program began after Cohen spent time in a nursing home in New York City, where he gave iPod dwellers and playlists. This program is so successful that Shelley & amp; The Donald Rubin Foundation funded the program in 2008 so Cohen was able to test his method on a wider scale. In 2010, the program became an official non-profit organization, which later led to a documentary two years later based on a program called Alive Inside: A Story of Music and Memory, which gave the program more attention. Especially since the clips from the documentary show patients who wake up from Alzheimer's disease by listening to songs from his day like Cab Calloway. After the documentary was previewed, Alive Inside earned at least 11 million views, which gave program and maintenance awareness.
In 2013, the Wisconsin Department of Health Science has noticed the effects of Music & amp; The Memory program is in the patient, and the department starts Wisconsin Music & amp; Memory Initiative, which allows 100 nursing homes in Wisconsin to become Music & amp; Certified Memory Care Facilities. A year later, an additional 150 facilities received certification training. In time, other states are taking part in expanding the program and opening more services for Music & amp; Memory programs such as adult custody, assisted life, hospitals, home health care, and individual care in home care.
Music & amp; Memory programs are not only known in the United States, but other countries like Canada and Europe are attracted to the idea of ​​music bringing patients back to themselves mentally. In January 2014, the documentary, Alive Inside won the Audience Award for U.S. Documentary Film, which was screened at the Sundance Film Festival. Alive Inside continues to gain more recognition that has been released across the United States and continues to earn more awards.
Amnesia
Some of the symptoms of amnesia have been shown to be reduced through various interactions with music, including play and listening. One such case is Clive Wearing, whose retrograde amnesia and anterogradenya have been detailed in the Prisoner of Consciousness documentary and The Man with the 7 Second Memory . Though unable to remember past memories or forming a new one, Wearing can still play, perform, and sing along with the music he learned before the onset of amnesia, and even add improvisation and flourish.
Wearing cases reinforces the theory that episodic memory is fundamentally different from procedural or semantic memory. Sacks shows that when Wearing really can not remember events or episodes, the music performance (and the muscle memory involved) is a form of procedural memory that is usually unobstructed in the case of amnesia [Sacks]. Indeed, there is evidence that while episodic memory depends on hippocampal formation, amnesia with damage to this area may indicate a loss of episodic memory accompanied by (partial) intact semantic memory.
Afasia
Melodic intonation therapy (MIT) is a method used by music therapists and speech-language pathologists to assist people with communication disorders caused by brain left brain damage by involving singing abilities and may involve areas capable of speaking in parts right that is not broken.. At MIT, common words and phrases are converted into melodic phrases, generally starting with a two-step pattern of songs and ultimately mimicking the intonation of rhythmic speech and patterns.
Neurological researcher Sparks, Helm, and Albert developed MIT in 1973.
Psychiatric disorders
A 2016 meta-analysis analysis on the use of music therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia found that treatment effects were significantly better in patients who received additional music therapy than those who did not, in negative symptoms, mood symptoms, as well as positive symptoms.
Cochrane 2017 reviews that medium to low quality evidence suggests that music therapy in addition to standard care improves global circumstances, mental states (including both negative and general symptoms), social functioning, and quality of life of people with schizophrenia or schizophrenic-like disorders. However, the effect is inconsistent throughout the study and depends on the number of music therapy sessions as well as the quality of the music therapy provided.
The 2017 review of the study of music therapy for children and adolescents with major depressive or anxiety disorders found that music-based intervention may be efficient in reducing the severity of internalization symptoms in children and adolescents. A 2008 Cochrane review observing the use of music therapy for all depressed individuals presenting findings from randomized individual trials suggests that music therapy is accepted by people with depression and is associated with increased mood. However, small numbers and low quality methodological research mean that it is impossible to be sure about its effectiveness.
A 2017 theoretical review of the use of music therapy in post-traumatic stress disorder suggests that music therapy may be a useful therapeutic tool to reduce symptoms and improve function among individuals with trauma and PTSD exposure, although more rigorous empirical studies are needed.
Usage by region
Africa
In 1999, the first program for music therapy in Africa was opened in Pretoria, South Africa. Studies have shown that in Tanzania patients can receive palliative care for life-threatening disease immediately after the diagnosis of the disease. This differs from many Western countries, as they order palliative care for patients who have incurable diseases. Music is also viewed differently between Africa and Western countries. In Western countries and the majority of other countries around the world, music is traditionally seen as entertainment whereas in many African cultures, music is used in telling stories, celebrating life events, or sending messages.
Australia
One of the first known groups to heal with sound is the Australian Aboriginal people. The modern name of their healing tool is didgeridoo, but it was originally called yidaki. Yidaki produces sounds similar to sound healing techniques used in modern times. For at least 40,000 years, healing tools are believed to help heal "fractures, muscles and all kinds of diseases". However, here there are no reliable sources that mention age exactly didgeridoo. A study of archeology of rock art in Northern Australia shows that people from the Kakadu region of the Northern Territory have been using didgeridoo for less than 1,000 years, based on the dating of the cave walls and shelters of this period. The clear stone paintings at Ginga Wardelirrhmeng, on the northern edge of the Arnhem Land plateau, from the freshwater period (which began 1500 years ago) showed the didgeridoo performers and the two singers who participated in the Ubarr ceremony. Australia in 1949, music therapy (not clinical music therapy as understood today) began through a concert organized by the Australian Red Cross along with the Red Cross Music Therapy Committee. The main Australian body, Australian Music Therapy Association (AMTA), was founded in 1975.
Canada
In 1956, Fran Herman, one of the pioneers of Canadian music therapy, started a remedial music program at Home For Incurable Children, now known as Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, in Toronto. His group 'The Wheelchair Players' continued into 1964, and was considered the project of Canada's first music therapy group. Its production "The Emperor's Nightingale" is the subject of a documentary.
Composer/pianist Alfred RosÃÆ'Â ©, a professor at the University of Western Ontario, also pioneered the use of music therapy in London, Ontario at Westminster Hospital in 1952 and at London Psychiatric Hospital in 1956.
Two other music therapy programs began in the 1950s; one by Norma Sharpe at St. Thomas Psychiatric Hospital in St. Thomas, Ontario, and the other by ThÃÆ' Â © rÃÆ'¨se Pageau at HÃÆ'Â'pital St-Jean-de-Dieu (now HÃÆ'Â'pital Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine) in Montreal.
A conference in August 1974, hosted by Norma Sharpe and six other music therapists, led to the establishment of the Canadian Music Therapy Association, later renamed the Canadian Association for Music Therapy (CAMT). In 2009, the organization had more than 500 members.
The first music therapy training program in Canada was founded in 1976, at Capilano College (now Capilano University) in North Vancouver, by Nancy McMaster and Carolyn Kenny.
Norwegian
Norway is widely recognized as an important country for music therapy research. The two main research centers are the Music and Health Center with the Norwegian Academy of Music in Oslo, and the Grieg Academy Music Therapy Center (GAMUT), at the University of Bergen. The first was largely developed by Professor Ruud Even, while Professor Brynjulf ​​Stige was largely responsible for developing the latter. The center in Bergen has 18 staff, including 2 professors and 4 associate professors, as well as lecturers and PhD students. The world's two major international research journals are in Bergen: Nordic Journals for Music Therapy and Voices: World Forum for Music Therapy . Norway's main contribution to this field is primarily in the field of "community music therapy", which tends to be more social work-oriented as individual psychotherapy, and the research of music therapy from this country uses various methods to examine various methods in various social contexts, including community centers, medical, nursing home, and prison.
United States
Music therapy has existed in its current form in the United States since 1944 when the world's first bachelor degree program began at Michigan State University and the first undergraduate program was established at the University of Kansas. The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) was founded in 1998 as a merger between the National Association for Music Therapy (NAMT, founded in 1950) and the American Association for Music Therapy (AAMT, founded in 1971). Many other national organizations exist, such as the Institute for Music and Neurological Functions, Nordoff-Robbins Center for Music Therapy, and the Association for Music and Image. Music therapists use ideas from different disciplines such as speech and language, physical therapy, medicine, nursing, and education.
A music therapy degree candidate can earn a bachelor's, master's or doctor's degree in music therapy. Many AMTA approved programs offer equality and a certificate in music therapy for students who have completed a degree in a related field. Some music therapists have held PhDs in fields other than, but are usually associated with music therapy. Recently, Temple University established a PhD program in music therapy. A music therapist usually incorporates music therapy techniques with wider clinical practices such as psychotherapy, rehabilitation, and other practices depending on the client's needs. Music therapy services provided in the context of social services, education, or health care institutions are often replaced by insurance and funding sources for individuals with specific needs. Music therapy services have been identified as replacements under Medicaid, Medicare, private insurance plans and federal and state government programs.
Degree in music therapy requires proficiency in guitar, piano, sound, music theory, music history, music reading, improvisation, as well as various skill levels in assessment, documentation, and counseling and other health care skills depending on the focus of a particular university program. A music therapist can hold a CMT (Certified Music Therapist), ACMT (Advanced Certified Music Therapist), or RMT (Registered Music Therapist) - credentials previously awarded by former national organizations AAMT and NAMT; this credentials remain in force until 2020 and has not been available since 1998. The information currently available is MT-BC. To be certified, a music therapist must complete a music therapy degree from an accredited AMTA program at a college or university, successfully complete a music therapy internship, and pass the Certification Exam Council in Music Therapy, which is held through the Certification Board for Music Therapists. To maintain credentials, either 100 units of continuing education must be completed every five years, or board exams must be retaken toward the end of the five-year cycle. The units claimed for credit fall under the scope of the Certification Board for the Music Therapist. North Dakota, Nevada and Georgia have licensed music therapists. In the State of New York, License for Creative Therapy (LCAT) combines music therapy credentials in their licenses.
Lebanon
In 2006, Hamda Farhat introduced music therapy to Lebanon, developing and creating therapeutic methods such as triple methods to treat hyperactivity, depression, anxiety, addiction, and post traumatic stress disorder. He has met with great success in working with many international organizations, and in the training of therapists, educators, and doctors.
United Kingdom
Live music was used in hospitals after the second World War as part of a treatment program to restore the army. Clinical music therapy in England as understood today is pioneered in the 1960s and 1970s by French cellist Juliette Alvin whose influence on the current generation of British music therapy lecturers remains strong. Mary Priestley, one of Juliette Alvin's students, created "analytical music therapy". Nordoff-Robbins approach to music therapy developed from the work of Paul Nordoff and Clive Robbins in the 1950/60s.
Practitioners are enrolled in the Board of Health Professions and, starting in 2007, new registrants usually must hold a master's degree in music therapy. There are master level programs in music therapy in Manchester, Bristol, Cambridge, South Wales, Edinburgh and London, and there are therapists throughout the UK. The professional body in Britain is the British Association for Music Therapy In 2002, the World Music Therapy Congress, coordinated and promoted by the World Federation of Music Therapy, was held in Oxford on the theme of Dialogue and Debate. In November 2006, Dr. Michael J. Crawford and his colleagues again found that music therapy helped the outcome of schizophrenic patients.
India
The roots of music therapy in India, can be traced back to ancient Hindu mythology, Vedic texts, and local local traditions. It is likely that music therapy has been used for hundreds of years in Indian culture.
"Indian Association of Music Therapy" was founded in 2010 by Dr. Dinesh C. Sharma with the motto "to use a pleasant voice in such a way as medicine in time as a green medicine." He also published the journal "International Journal of Music Therapy (ISSN 2249-8664) to popularize and promote the study of music therapy on an international platform
Suvarna Nalapat has studied music therapy in the Indian context. Her books Nadalayasindhu-Ragachikilsamrutam (2008), Music Therapy in Management Education and Administration (2008) and Ragachikitsa (2008) are textbooks that accepted on therapeutic music and Indian art. Indian Association of Music Therapy, New Delhi was founded in 2010 by Dr. Dinesh C. Sharma with the motto "to use a pleasant voice as a medicine in time as a green medicine"
"India Music Therapy Trust" is another business in the country. It was started by Margaret Lobo She is the founder and director of Otakar Kraus Music Trust and her work began in 2004. 7
History
Music has been used as a healing tool for centuries. Apollo was the god of ancient Greek music and medicine. Aesculapius is said to cure mind diseases by using songs and music, and music therapy is used in Egyptian temples. Plato says that music affects emotions and can affect an individual's character. Aristotle taught that music affects the soul and describes music as a force that purifies emotions. Aulus Cornelius Celsus recommends cymbal sounds and running water for the treatment of mental disorders. Music therapy is practiced in the Bible when David plays the harp to remove King Saul from evil spirits (1 Sam 16:23). In the early 400 BC, Hippocrates played music for mental patients. In the 13th century, Arab hospitals contained musical spaces for the benefit of patients. In the United States, Native American drug people often use singing and dancing as a method of healing the patient. The Turco-Persian psychologist and the musical theorist al-Farabi (872-950), known as Alpharabius in Europe, deals with music therapy in his Treatise of Intellect, in which he discusses the therapeutic effects of music on the soul. In his book De vita libri tres published in 1489, Platonist Marsilio Ficino gives a lengthy explanation of how music and songs can be used to attract celestial benefits in order to stay healthy. Robert Burton wrote in the 17th century in his classic Anatomy of Melancholy, that music and dance are essential in the treatment of mental illness, especially melancholy.
The emergence of body and mind understanding in terms of the nervous system led to the emergence of a new wave of music therapy in the eighteenth century. Previous work on subjects, such as Athanasius Kircher's universalist Musurgia in 1650 and even early eighteenth-century books such as Michael Ernst EttmÃÆ'¼ller 1714 Disputatio effectus musicae in hominem (Debate on the Influence of Music on Man) or Friedrich Erhardt Niedten's 1717 Veritophili , still tends to discuss the medical effects of music in terms of bringing the soul and body into harmony. But from the mid-eighteenth century it worked on subjects such as Richard Brocklesby's 1749 Reflections of Antient and Modern Musick, 1737 Memoires from the French Academy of Sciences, or Ernst Anton Nicolai's 1745 Die Verbindung der Musik mit der Arzneygelahrheit (The Connection of Music to Medicine), emphasizes the power of music over the nerves.
After 1800 books on music therapy often use the Brunonian medical system, on the grounds that nerve stimulation caused by music can directly improve health. For example, the influential Peter Lichtenthal's influential book in 1807 Der Musikalische Arzt (Doctor Musical) was also explicitly Brunonian in its care of the effects of music on the body. Lichtenthal, a musician, composer, and physician with connections to the Mozart family, is mostly positive about music, talking about the 'music dose', which must be determined by someone who knows the "Brunonian scale".
Music therapy as we know it began after World War I and II, when, especially in the United Kingdom, musicians would go to the hospital and play music for soldiers who suffered emotional and physical trauma related to war.
Even recently in 2017, music therapy has demonstrated the ability to provide emotional assistance to members of our society. With Logic "1-800-273-8255", suicide prevention calls grew 33% in relation to the number of calls they received in the previous year.
Military
History
Music therapy finds its roots in the military. The US Department of War issued a Technical Bulletin of 187 in 1945, describing the use of music in the recovery of members of the military service in Army hospitals. The use of music therapy in military settings began to develop and develop after World War II and the research and support of the United States Army and the Surgeon General of the United States. Although this support helps develop music therapy, there is still a recognized need to assess the viability and true value of music as a medical-based therapy. Walter Reed Army Medical Center and the Surgeon General Office worked together to lead one of the earliest assessments of a music therapy program. The purpose of this study was to understand whether "music presented in accordance with specific plans" affects recovery among service members with mental and emotional disorders. Finally, the case reports referring to this study not only convey the importance but also the impact of music therapy services on the recovery of military service personnel.
The first university-sponsored music therapy course was taught by Margaret Anderton in 1919 at Columbia University. Clinical specialist Anderton worked with wounded Canadian soldiers during World War II, using a music-based service to aid in their recovery process.
Today, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom has presented various injuries; However, two signature injuries are Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). These two signature injuries are increasingly common among millennium military members and in music therapy programs.
Method
Music therapists work with active military personnel, veterans, service members in transition, and their families. Music therapists seek to engage clients in a musical experience that fosters trust and full participation during their treatment process. Music therapists use a series of music-centered tools, techniques and activities when working with military-related clients, many of which are similar to those used in other music therapy settings. These methods include, but are not limited to: drum groups, listening, singing, and song writing. Songwriting is a very effective tool with military veterans struggling with PTSD and TBI because it creates a safe space for "... working through traumatic experiences, and transforming traumatic memories into healthier associations."
Program
Music therapy in the military is seen in programs at military bases, VA health facilities, military care facilities, and military communities. Music therapy programs have great reach because they exist for all phases of military life: pre-mobilization, dissemination, post-deployment, recovery (in case of injury), and among families of deceased military personnel.
Gemilang Joy, Inc., a music therapy program based in San Diego, is a pioneer for the use of music therapy in the military. The Semper Sound program specializes in providing music therapy services to members of active military service and veterans diagnosed with PTSD, TBI, substance abuse, and other trauma-related diagnoses. It features different programs like The Semper Sound Band, based in San Diego, California, and GI Jams Band, based in Chelsea, Massachusetts.
Walter Reed Army Medical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, is another pioneer for the use of music therapy in the military. All patients in the medical center are entitled to receive music therapy services; Therefore, the wide range of clients: TBI, stroke, psychological diagnosis (anxiety, depression, PTSD), autism spectrum disorders, and more.
The EFMP Existing Family Program (EFMP) is also available to provide music therapy services for military families active duties that have family members with developmental, physical, emotional, or intellectual disabilities. Currently, programs at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Gemilang Sukacita, Inc., and the Chicago Music Institute partner with EFMP services to provide music therapy services to qualified military family members.
See also
Source
Further reading
External links
- Video (04:44): Music - Medical Benefits on YouTube
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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