Relational psychoanalysis is a school of psychoanalysis in the United States that emphasizes the role of real and imagined relationships with others in mental disorders and psychotherapy. 'Relational psychoanalysis is a relatively new and developing school of psychoanalytic thought that its founders considered to represent the "paradigm shift" in psychoanalysis.
Relational psychoanalysis began in the 1980s as an attempt to integrate the emphasis of interpersonal psychoanalysis on detailed exploration of interpersonal interactions with ideas of the relationship of British object theory to the psychological importance of internal relationships with others. Relationalists argue that personality arises from a matrix of early formative relationships with parents and other personalities. Philosophically, relational psychoanalysis is closely allied to social constructivism.
Video Relational psychoanalysis
Drive versus hubungan
The important difference between relational theory and traditional psychoanalytic thinking is in his theory of motivation, which will 'establish the primary importance for real interpersonal relationships, rather than to instinctive instincts'. Freudian theory, with some exceptions, suggests that humans are motivated by sexual and aggressive drives. These drives are rooted biologically and innately. They are ultimately not shaped by experience.
Relationalists, on the other hand, argue that the primary motivation of the soul is to be in relation to others. As a result the initial relationship, usually with the primary caregiver, shapes one's expectations about the way in which one's needs are met. Therefore, desire and insistence can not be separated from the relational context in which they arise. This does not mean that motivation is determined by the environment (as in behaviorism), but that motivation is determined by the systemic interaction of a person and his relational world. Individuals seek to recreate this learned early connection in a sustainable relationship that may have little to no relation to that initial relationship. The re-creation of this relational pattern serves to meet the needs of the individual in a way that suits what they learn as an infant. This re-creation is called enforcement.
Maps Relational psychoanalysis
Technique
When treating patients, relational psychoanalysts emphasize a mixture of waiting, and authentic spontaneity. Some relational-oriented psychoanalysts distanced the traditional Freudian emphasis on interpretation and free association, rather than emphasizing the importance of creating a living, sincere relationship with the patient. However, many others place a lot of importance on the Winnicottian concept of "holding" and are much more controlled in their approach, generally giving weight to well-made interpretations made at seemingly exact times. Overall, relational analysts feel that psychotherapy works best when the therapist focuses on building a healing relation with the patient, in addition to focusing on facilitating insight. They believe that in doing so, the therapist breaks the patient out of a recurring pattern relating to others whom they believe maintain psychopathology. Noteworthy also is 'relational psychoanalysis emphasis puts on the construction of a common meaning in analytic relations'.
Author
Stephen A. Mitchell has been described as "the most influential psychoanalyst of influence". His 1983 book, co-written with Jay Greenberg and called Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory is considered the first major work of relational psychoanalysis. Prior work, especially by Sabina Spielrein in the 1910s to the 1930s, is often cited, especially by Adrienne Harris and others that connect feminism to the field, but as part of the previous Freud/Jung/Spielrein tradition.
Other important relational writers include Neil Altman, Lewis Aron, Hugo Bleichmar, Philip Bromberg, Nancy Chodorow, Susan Coates, Rebecca Coleman Curtis, Jody Davies, Emmanuel Ghent, Adrienne Harris, Irwin Hirsch, Irwin Z. Hoffman, Karen Maroda, Stuart Pizer, Owen Renik, RamÃÆ'³n Riera, Daniel Schechter, Joyce Slochower, Martha Stark, Ruth Stein, Donnel Stern, Robert Stolorow, Jeremy D. Safran and Jessica Benjamin - the latter pursuing the 'goal of creating a truly feminist and philosophical relational psychoanalysis'. An important historian and philosophical contributor is Philip Cushman.
Criticism
Psychoanalyst and philosopher Jon Mills has offered a number of substantial criticisms of the relational movement. Mills clearly thinks this "paradigm shift" to relational psychoanalysis is not exclusive because of the theoretical differences with classical psychoanalysis but also arises from a certain group mentality and a set of interests: "Relational psychoanalysis is an American phenomenon, with a strong and politically beneficial group members advocating for reform conceptual and technical "from the perspective of a group of professional psychologists:" the best known relational analyst is a psychologist, as are founding professionals associated with starting a relational movement ".
From a theoretical perspective, Mills seems to doubt that relational psychoanalysis is entirely new as mentioned. In his emphasis on the importance of the development of others, according to Mills, "relational theory only states the obvious" - takes on "the point that Freud made explicit throughout his corpus theory, which became more emphasized more significantly by the early object relationships of therapists through contemporary psychologists. "Mills also criticizes the diminishing or even loss of significance of the unconscious in relational psychoanalysis, a point he points to in various parts of his book Conundrums
Psychoanalysts and historians Henry Zvi Lothane also criticized some central ideas of relational psychoanalysis, from a historical and psychoanalytic perspective. Historically, Lothane believed relational theory to exaggerate the nonrelational aspect of Freud as ignoring its relational aspect. Lothane argues that, although Freud's theory of disorder is "monadic," which focuses more or less exclusively on individuals, Freud's psychoanalytic methods and clinical practice theories are consistently dyadic or relational. From a theoretical perspective, Lothane criticized the term "relational" in favor of Harry Stack Sullivan's term "interpersonal". Lothane developed his concept of "reciprocal association" and "dramatology" as a way of understanding the interpersonal or relational dimensions of psychoanalysis.
Adopting a more sympathetic line of criticism, Robin S. Brown points out that while relational thinking has many challenges to psychoanalytic dogmatism, it overemphasizes the formative role of social relationships can culminate in the form of authoritarianism itself. Brown argues that relational shifts do not adequately address the role of the first principle, and that this trend may be challenged by involving analytical psychology.
See also
References
Further reading
- Stephen A. Mitchell, (1988). Relational Concept in Psychoanalysis: Integration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Stephen A. Mitchell, (1993). Hope and Fear in Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Book.
- Stephen A. Mitchell, (1997). Influence and Autonomy in Psychoanalysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
- Stephen A. Mitchell, (2000). Relationality: From Attachment to Intersubjectivity. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
- Stephen A. Mitchell and Aron, Lewis. (1999). Relational Psikoanalisis: The emergence of Tradition. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
- Greenberg, J & amp; Mitchell, S.A. (1983). Object Relation in Psychoanalytical Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Aron, Lewis (1996). Mind Meeting. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
- Curtis, R. C. & amp; Hirsch. I. (2003). Relational Appraoches for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy. In Gurman, A. G. & amp; Messer, S. B. Important Psychotherapy. NY: Guilford.
- Curtis, R. Coleman. (2008). Desire, Self, Mind, and Psychotherapy: Unify Psychological Science and Psychoanlaysis. Lanham MD & amp; NY: Jason Aronson
- Cushman, Philip. (1996). Building Yourself, Building America: The History of Psychotherapy. New York: Perseus Publishing.
- Aron, L. and Harris, A. (2011), Relational Psychoanalysis IV: Theory Expansion, Press Psychology
- Aron, L. and Harris, A. (2011), Relational Psychoanalysis V: Process Evolution, Press Psychology
- Aron, L. and Lechich M., (2012). Relational psychoanalysis, in Textbook of Psychoanalysis, 2nd Edition. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, pp 211-224.
External links
- International Association for Relational & amp; Psikoanalysis Psychotherapy
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