John Harvey Kellogg , M.D. (February 26, 1852 - December 14, 1943) is an American medical doctor, nutritionist, inventor, health activist, and entrepreneur. He is the director of the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Battle Creek, Michigan. Sanitarium was founded by members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It combines aspects of European spas, hydrotherapy institutes, hospitals and upscale hotels. Kellogg treats the rich and famous and the poor who can not go to another hospital.
Disagreement with other members of the church caused a major split in the denomination: Kellogg was "fired" in 1907, but continued to follow many Adventist beliefs and directed sanitarium until his death in 1943. Kellogg also helped found the American Medical Missionary College. The College, founded in 1895, operated until 1910, when it joined Illinois State University.
Kellogg is a leading leader in progressive health reform, particularly in the second phase of the clean life movement. He writes a lot about science and health. His approach to "biological life" combines scientific knowledge with Adventist beliefs, promotes health reform, sexual simplicity and abstinence.
Kellogg is an early proponent of the germ theory of new diseases, and is far ahead of his time in relating intestinal flora and the presence of bacteria in the gut for health and illness. Sanitariums approach holistic medicine, actively promote vegetarianism, nutrition, use of enemas to clean intestinal flora, exercise, sun bathing, hydrotherapy, and restrictions on smoking, drinking alcohol and sexual activity.
Many vegetarian foods Kellogg developed and offered to his patients were marketed publicly: Kellogg is famous today for the invention of breakfast cereal breakfast cereals, with his brother Will Keith Kellogg. Her creations of modern breakfast cereals changed the "American breakfast landscape forever."
Video John Harvey Kellogg
Personal life
John Harvey Kellogg was born in Tyrone, Michigan on February 26, 1852, to John Preston Kellogg (1806-1881) and his second wife Ann Janette Stanley (1824-1893). His father, John Preston Kellogg, was born in Hadley, Massachusetts; his ancestors can be traced back to Hadley, Massachusetts, where great-grandfathers operate the ferry. John Preston Kellogg and his family moved to Michigan in 1834, and after the death of his first wife and his marriage back in 1842, to a ranch in Tyrone Town. In addition to six children from her first marriage, John Preston Kellogg has 11 children with his second wife, Ann, including John Harvey and his younger brother, Will Keith Kellogg.
John Preston Kellogg became a member of several revivalist movements, including Baptist, Congregational Church, and finally the Seventh-day Adventist Church. He was one of four faithfuls who promised a sizeable sum to convince Seventh-day Adventists, Ellen G. White and her husband James Springer White to move to Battle Creek, Michigan, with their publishing efforts, in 1855. In 1856, the Kellogg family moved to Battle Creek near other denominations. There John Preston Kellogg set up a broom factory.
Kelloggs believes that the second Coming of Christ is near, and that their children's formal education is not necessary. Initially a sickly child, John Harvey Kellogg attended Battle Creek public school only briefly, from the age of 9-11. He left school to work sorting a broom at his father's broom factory. Nevertheless, he read it voraciously and acquired a broad education but largely self-taught. At the age of 12, John Harvey Kellogg was offered a job by a white man. He became one of their protegà ©, rose from messenger to vicious printer, and ultimately did proofreading and editorial work. She helped organize articles for Health, or the way of life and Health Updates, became familiar with Ellen G. White's health theory, and began following recommendations like a vegetarian diet. Ellen White describes her husband's relationship with John Harvey Kellogg as being closer than that with her own children.
Kellogg hopes to become a teacher, and at the age of 16 teaches a school district in Hastings, Michigan. At age 20, she has enrolled in a teacher training course offered by the Michigan State Normal School (since 1959, Eastern Michigan University) in Ypsilanti, Michigan. The Kelloggs and the Whites, however, convinced him to join his stepbrothers Merritt, Edson White, William C. White, and Jennie Trembley, as students in a six-month medical course at Russell Trall's Hygieo-Therapeutic College in Florence Heights, New Jersey. Their goal is to develop a group of trained doctors for the Adventist-inspired Western Health Reform Institute at Battle Creek. Under the protection of White, John Harvey Kellogg went on to attend medical school at University Medical School in Ann Arbor, Michigan and University of New York University of Medicine at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. He graduated in 1875 with a doctorate. In October 1876, Kellogg became director of the Western Institute of Health Reform. In 1877 he named him at Battle Creek Medical Bureau Hospital, cleverly filtering out the term "sanitarium" to suggest hospitalization and the importance of sanitation and personal health. Kellogg would lead the institution until his death in 1943.
John Harvey Kellogg married Ella Ervilla Eaton (1853-1920) from Alfred Center, New York, on February 22, 1879. Kellogg follows the Adventist view of celibacy. This couple maintains a separate bedroom and has no biological children. However, they were foster parents for 42 children, legally adopting at least seven of them, before Ella died in 1920. The adopted children included Agnes Grace, Elizabeth, John William, Ivaline Maud, Paul Alfred, Robert Mofatt, and Newell Carey.
In 1937, Kellogg received an honorary degree in Doctor of Public Service from Oglethorpe University.
Pulitzer Prize Prize historian Will Durant, who has been a vegetarian since the age of 18, is called Dr. Kellogg "his old mentor", and says that Dr. Kellogg, more than anybody since his school years, has influenced his life.
Kellogg died on December 14, 1943, in Battle Creek, Michigan. She is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Battle Creek, Michigan. Among those buried were his parents, his brother W.K. Kellogg, his brother's wife, James White, Ellen G. White, C. W. Post, Uriah Smith, and Sojourner Truth.
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Theological view
Kellogg grew up in the Seventh-day Adventist Church since childhood, when members are usually involved in theological speculation. Selected as protegà ©  © white people and trained as doctors, Kellogg plays an important role as speakers in church meetings.
Throughout his life, Kellogg underwent pressure from science and religion regarding his theological view. At the Seventh Session of the Seventh-day Adventist Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, October 4, 1878, the following actions were taken:
REMEMBER, The impression has come out of some unknown cause that J. H. Kellogg, M.D., holds a pagan sentiment, which makes him very unfair, and also endangers his influence as chief-doctor in the Sanitarium; because it is
RESOLVED, That in our opinion of justice to the doctor and the Institute under his medical responsibility, demanded that he should have the privilege of making his sentiments known, and that he was invited to overcome the people who gathered in this land, in harmony of science and Scripture.
This resolution was unanimously adopted, after which the Conference was adjourned for seat calls.
[Note. - In accordance with the above resolution, Dr. Kellogg gave, before a large audience, October 6, an adept address to the harmony of science and the Bible, which the congregation offered him a thank-you vote.]
Kellogg sought to maintain the "harmony of science and the Bible" throughout his career, but he was active at the time of the transition, as science and medicine became increasingly secular. White and others in Advent services fear that Kellogg's students and staff are threatened with losing their religious beliefs, while Kellogg feels that many ministers fail to recognize his expertise and the importance of his medical work. There is an ongoing tension between his authority as a doctor, and their authority as minister. Nevertheless, Kellogg sought to reconcile science and medicine with religion, rejected their separation, and emphasized the presence of God in the creation of God's living creatures.
The heart is the muscle. Heart beat. My arms will contract and cause fist to hit; but it only beats when my will commands. But here are the muscles in my body that tick when I fall asleep. It beats when my will is inactive and I am completely unconscious. It keeps ticking all the time. What will cause this heart to beat? The heart can not be defeated once without command. For me it is the loveliest thing that keeps the heart of a man ticking. It does not defeat with my will; because I can not stop my heartbeat, or make it beat faster or slower by ordering it with my will. But there is a will that controls the heart. It is the divine will that causes it to beat, and in that heartbeat you can feel, as you put your hand on the chest, or when you put your finger on the pulse, the proof of the divine presence we have in us, that God exists inside, that there is intelligence, strength, will within, which commands our bodily functions and controls them...
He further outlines these ideas in his book The Living Temple (1903):
There is a clear, complete and satisfying explanation of the most delicate and most amazing natural phenomena, - that is, unlimited Intelligence that works according to its purpose. God is the explanation of nature, - not God outside nature, but in nature, manifests itself through and in all objects, movements, and various phenomena of the universe.... The tree does not create itself; creative power continues to advance in it. Shoots and leaves out of the tree... So there is present in the tree of power that creates and nourishes it, the maker of the tree in the tree, the flower maker in the flower, - the divine architect who understands every proportional law, the infinite artist who possesses the expressionless power of expression limited in color and shape; there, all over the world about us, the infinite, divine, though invisible Presence, of which the unenlightened person may be blind, but who ever declared himself by his endless and useful activity.
At the same time when Kellogg defended God's presence in nature against secularization, his fellow religion saw his description of God's presence in nature as evidence of pantheistic tendencies (God is in all things). Kellogg dismisses their religious criticism, insisting that his view of divinity is merely a reaffirmation of God's omnipresence, and not pantheism.
What came to be called the "Crisis Pantheism" of 1903 was an important moment in the history of the church. Kellogg's theological view is only one of the problems involved: sanitarium operation is the same if not more important. Its sanitarium and financial controls have been a source of contention for some time, especially when the institution is expanded and attracts more affluent patients. The tension comes to its head when the Battle Creek Sanitarium, originally owned by the Seventh-day Adventist Church but run by Kellogg, was destroyed by fire on February 18, 1902. Although almost all the guests fled safely, the property loss was estimated at $ 300,000 to $ 400,000, about two times the insured value.
Ellen G. White, who has proclaimed that a clean sword of fire is ready to face an increasingly "worldly" and business-oriented Battle Creek, against the redevelopment of a large institution. Although he apparently wrote a manuscript that testified against rebuilding in 1902, it was not sent to Kellogg at the time, and Kellogg did not directly consult him about his plans. With the support of the board of directors, he not only rebuilt but doubled the size of the institution. The new building was designed by architect Frank Mills Andrews of Ohio and opened on May 31, 1903. Designed for flame retardant, a new six-story brick building, with elegant front faces extending 550 feet along Washington Avenue, and three wings open behind. These include, inter alia, a solarium and a palm court, and cost more than $ 700,0000.
Kellogg uses the proceeds from his book The Living Temple to help pay for reconstruction costs. The printing of the book was opposed by the Adventist Council commission after W. W. Prescott, one of the four members of the commission, contended that it was a heresy. When Kellogg arranged to print it personally, the book went through his own trial by fire: on December 30, 1902, a fire struck the Herald where the book was prepared and ready for printing. When it finally appeared in 1903, the book was sharply criticized by White for what he regarded as many pantheistic statements. Over the next few years, there was an escalation of conflict between Kellogg, General Conference President A. G. Daniells, and others. In 1907, Kellogg was "dismissed", as part of a split that separated the church. Kellogg maintains control of the Battle Creek Sanitarium and the American Medical Missionary College, and continues to promote the Adventist ideas on health and wellbeing in these institutions.
In the next life, Kellogg speaks positively about the Seventh-day Adventist Church and the prophetic ministry of Ellen G. White, regardless of their cause. In 1941, in response to E. S. Ballenger's criticism, Kellogg rebuked the Ballenger for his critical attitude towards Mrs. White.
Mrs. White is undoubtedly an inspired woman. Despite this fact, he is human and makes many mistakes and may suffer more from those mistakes than anyone else has ever done. Nevertheless, I know that woman is sincere and honest and that her life influence is very helpful for many people, and I have no desire to weaken in the smallest degree of good influence in his life and work.
Battle Creek Sanitarium
Kellogg was a Seventh-day Adventist to mid-life, and gained fame when becoming chief medical officer of the Battle Creek Sanitarium, owned and operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Sanitariums are operated on the principles of the church's health. Adventists believe in promoting a vegetarian diet, not drinking alcohol and tobacco, and sports regimens, all of which are followed by Kellogg. He is remembered as a supporter of vegetarianism and writes in his favor, even after leaving the Adventist Church. His dietary advice in the late nineteenth century decreased eating meat, but not so firmly. The development of the bland diet is partly driven by the Adventist's goal of reducing sexual stimulation.
Kellogg is a strong supporter of beans, which he believes will save people in the face of declining food supplies. Though particularly well known today for the development of corn flakes, Kellogg also found a process for making peanut butter and developing healthy "granose biscuits" that became popular as far back as Australia and the UK.
The Battle Creek Sanitarium has its own experimental kitchen. There Ella Eaton Kellogg helps develop vegetarian food, and oversees the "cooking school" that teaches classes in food preparation for housewives. He published cookbooks, Science in the Kitchen , containing hundreds of recipes along with nutrition discussions and household and diet management. Some innovative vegetarian recipes use food products made in Sanitariums, such as Nuttolene (beans made from beans), Protose (a combination of nuts and seeds), and various types of peanut butter.
Kellogg believes that most diseases are alleviated by changes in intestinal flora; that bacteria in the gut can help or inhibit the body; that pathogenic bacteria produce toxins during the digestion of proteins that poison the blood; that a bad diet benefits harmful bacteria that can then infect other tissues in the body; that intestinal flora is altered by diet and is generally changed for the better with a balanced vegetarian diet that supports low protein, laxative, and high fiber foods. He even recommends special dietary regimens designed to cure certain diseases.
Kellogg further believes that the natural changes in the intestinal flora can be accelerated by the enema being seeded with beneficial bacteria. He advocated the use of an enema machine to clean the intestine with a few gallons of water. The water enema is followed by a half-liter of yogurt - half of which is eaten, the other half is given with enema, "so plant the protective germs where they are most needed and can provide the most effective services." Yogurt is served to replace intestinal gut, creating what Kellogg claims is a clean colon.
Visitors to the Sanitarium are also involved in breathing exercises and mealtime parades, to promote proper digestion of food throughout the day. Because Kellogg is a strong supporter of phototherapy, sanitariums use artificial sunbaths.
Kellogg is a skilled surgeon, who often donates his services to poor patients at his clinic. Although he generally opposes unnecessary surgery to treat illness, in his book Simple Facts for Old And Young he suggests circumcision as a cure for "local impurity" (which he says can cause "unholy"), phimosis, and "in little boys", masturbation.
He has many famous patients, such as former president William Howard Taft, composer and pianist Percy Grainger, arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson and Roald Amundsen, world travelers Richard Halliburton and Lowell Thomas, aviator Amelia Earhart, economist Irving Fisher, Nobel laureate winning playwright George Bernard Shaw, actor and athlete Johnny Weissmuller, founder of Ford Motor Company Henry Ford, inventor Thomas Edison, African-American activist Sojourner Truth, and actress Sarah Bernhardt.
Patents and inventions
Food
John Harvey Kellogg develops and markets a wide range of vegetarian foods. Many of them are meant to be suitable for invalid diets, and are deliberately made easy to chew and digest. Starchy foods like grinded and grilled grains, to promote the conversion of starch into dextrin. Nuts are ground and boiled or steamed.
Foods developed by Kellogg also tend to be bland. In this case, Kellogg follows the teachings of Ellen G. White and Sylvester Graham who recommend a bland food diet to minimize excitement, sexual arousal, and masturbation.
Breakfast cereal
Around 1877, John H. Kellogg began experimenting to produce a softer, chewier breakfast meal. He developed a mixture of wheat, wheat, and corn. It is baked at high temperatures for a long period of time, to break down or "molest" the starch molecules in grains. Once cooled, Kellogg breaks the bread into crumbs. This cereal was originally marketed under the name "Granula" but this caused a legal problem with James Caleb Jackson who had sold wheat cereal under that name. In 1881, under threat of lawsuit by Jackson, Kellogg changed the name of the Sanitarium cereal to "Granola". Initially used by patients in the Sanitarium, but slowly began to build followers among previous patients. In 1890, John formed Sanitas Food Company to develop and market food products.
The Kelloggs are best known for the invention of the Corn flavored breakfast cereal. The development of flaky cereals in 1894 has been largely explained by those involved: Ella Eaton Kellogg, John Harvey Kellogg, her younger brother Will Keith Kellogg, and other family members. There is considerable disagreement about who is involved in the discovery, and the role they play. According to some accounts, Ella suggests rolling the dough into thin sheets, and John develops a set of rollers for that purpose. According to others, John has an idea in dreams, and uses equipment in his wife's kitchen for rolling. It was generally agreed that when called one night, John Kellogg left a lot of grain dough behind. Instead of throwing it away the next morning, he sends it through the rollers and is surprised to get a delicate flake, which can then be roasted. Will Kellogg was tasked with finding out what had happened, and reinventing the process reliably. Ella and Will are often at loggerheads, and their story versions tend to minimize or deny the involvement of each other, while emphasizing their own part in discovery. The process that Kellogg has found, temper, is the basic technique of the flattened cereal industry.
The patent for "Flaked Cereals and Process of Preparing Same" was filed on May 31, 1895, and issued on April 14, 1896 to John Harvey Kellogg as Pat. 558393. Significantly, patents are applied to different types of grains, not just for wheat. John Harvey Kellogg is the only person mentioned in the patent. Then it would have insisted that he, not Ella, had worked with John, and repeatedly asserted that he should have received more credits than those given for the invention of flaky cereals.
During the first year of their production, Kellogs sold tens of thousands of pounds of cereal flakes, marketing it as "Granose". They continued to experiment with rice and corn and wheat, and in 1898 released the first batch of Sanitas Toasted Corn Flakes. A modified version with a longer shelf life was released in 1902. At that time, both "Granose Biscuits" and "Granose Flakes" were available.
Will Kellogg continues to develop and market flaky cereals. When he proposed adding sugar to flakes, John would not agree with the change. So, in 1906, Will started his own company, Corn Flour Company Corn Battle Creek. This marks the start of a decade-long feud between the brothers. Will's Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company will eventually become Kellogg Company, while John H. Kellogg will be denied the right to use Kellogg's name for his cereals.
They have other competitors as well, including C. W. Post. The post was treated at Battle Creek Sanitarium between February 6 and November 9, 1891, and later by Christian Scientists whom he trusted with his successful treatment. He settled in Battle Creek, opened his own sanitarium, LaVita Inn, in March 1892, and set up his own dry food company, Post Holdings. The Post began selling Postum coffee replacements in 1895. He extracted Grape-Nuts breakfast cereal, a mixture of yeast, barley and wheat, in January 1898. In January 1906, the Post introduced "Elijah's Manna," then changed its name to Post Toasties Double- Creme Corn. Flake, and market it as a direct competitor to Kellogg's Corn Flakes.
John Harvey Kellogg was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006 for the discovery of tempering and the discovery of the first dry breakfast cereals, which "changed the American breakfast".
Peanut Butter
John H. Kellogg is one of the few people who are considered meritorious with peanut butter. Rose Davis of Alligerville, New York has been reported to have made peanut butter as early as 1840, after her son described a Cuban woman grinding peanuts and eating pasta on bread. In 1884, Marcellus Gilmore Edson (1849-1940) from Montreal, Canada obtained a patent for "Making peanuts", combining 1 part of "flavor paste" made from baked beans with 7 parts sugar. In 1894, George A. Bayle of St.. Louis sells "Cheese Nut" snacks that contain nuts and cheeses; the bean version alone was more successful. George Washington Carver is often credited for his scientific work with peanuts and the promotion of its use. Carver and Kellogg corresponded in the 1920s and 30s on the use of nuts and sweet potatoes.
Some forms of peanut butter, possibly made with beans, were served to patients at Battle Creek Sanitarium before October 1895, when Kellogg wrote to Ellen White that "some excellent preparations of the beans" had completely replaced the butter. Kellogg does not patentize peanut butter explicitly, and then states that this is intentional: "Let everyone who wants it have it, and make the most of it". Kellogg did propose two patents related to "peanut butter" in 1895, before anyone else did.
On November 4, 1895, John H. Kellogg presented two patents relevant to the production of peanut butter. Patent No. 567901, given on September 15, 1896, is for "Food Compound" which results in "a better improvement article, an alimentary product consisting of fully digested starch, a perfectly emulsified vegetable oil as described, and completely mature and refined. - a separate vegetable protein derived from nuts, as prescribed. "The process described involves taking raw beans, preferably nuts or almonds, blanching them to remove their skin, and then boiling it for several hours. The beans are then crushed and passed through the rollers to separate "fine and relatively dry and almost white" flour and "damp, dusty, gluten, and chocolate" butter or pasta.
Second patent, No. 604493, given on May 24, 1898, is for "The Process of Producing Alimentary Products" of "edible beans, preferably nuts". The process of making pasta again involves boiling peanut but noting that baking is a possible alternative. The last substance is heated in a closed can to get "a different product in many ways from the original pasta" with a cheese-like consistency.
In 1898, Kellogs marketed a variety of peanut-based foods through the Sanitas Nut Food Company. Kellogg markets peanut butter as a substitute for nutritious protein for people who have trouble chewing solid foods. Since beans are the least expensive beans available, they quickly dominate the peanut butter market.
Joseph Lambert, who had worked for Kellogg in the Sanitarium, began selling hand-operated peanut butter rollers in 1896. In 1899, his wife Almeida Lambert published the Guide to Nut Cookery .
Meat substitutes
Kellogg praised his interest in meat substitute for Charles William Dabney, a farm chemist and Assistant Minister of Agriculture. Dabney writes to Kellogg about the problem around 1895.
In 1896, J. H. Kellogg introduced but not patented "Nuttose", the first commercially produced alternative to meat. Nuttose is made mainly from beans and resembles "cold roast pork". With seasoning or marinating, Nuttose can be made like fried chicken or barbecue. Served with mashed potatoes and vegetables, it can mimic traditional American food.
On 19 March 1901, Kellogg was given the first US Patent for "vegetable substitute for meat", for a mixture of grains and grains called "Protose". In applying for US Pat. 670.283 for "Vegetable Food Components", Kellogg describes Protose as a product "that will have the same or greater nutritional value in the same or more available form... With the appropriate temperature regulation and proportion of the ingredients, various flavors such as meat developed , which delivers highly characteristic product properties. "Nuttose and Protose are the first of many meat alternatives.
Other foods
In addition to developing imitation meat made from beans, grains, and soybeans, Kellogg also developed the first patented acidophilus soybean milk in 1934. Kellogg recommends giving it to bottled babies to improve their intestinal fauna and fighter. intestinal infections. Perhaps his most famous patient is dionne quintuplet. When she learned that Marie had an intestinal infection, Kellogg sent a case of soy acidophilus to their doctor, Allan Roy Dafoe. When Marie's infection was over, Dafoe requested that Kellogg send a continuous supply to the quintuplet. In 1937, each consumed at least one pint per day. Another well-known patient who benefited from soy acidophilus was polar explorer Richard E. Byrd. Kellogg also sells yogurt, soy flour, and soy bread.
Medical patent
- US Pat. 558394, John Harvey Kellogg, "Radiant-heat bath", published on April 14, 1896
- US Patent 835622, John Harvey Kellogg, "Movement Healing Equipment", issued April 13, 1906
- US Patent 850938, John Harvey Kellogg, "Training Tools", issued April 23, 1907
- US Pat. 881321, John Harvey Kellogg, "Massage Equipment", issued March 10, 1908
Medical discovery
Although they are less discussed than their food creations, Kellogg designs and refines a number of medical devices that are regularly used in Battle Creek Sanitariums in surgery and in treatment modalities falling under the term "physiotherapy". Many of the machines created by Kellogg were manufactured by Battle Creek Sanitarium Equipment Company, founded in 1890. Kellogg attempted to popularize this method of treatment, including electrotherapy, hydrotherapy, and motor therapy, in his work The Home Handbook of Domestic Hygiene and Rational Medicine, first published in 1881.
As he specializes in certain gynecological operations (especially hemorrhoidectomies and ovariotomies) and gastrointestinal surgery, he develops various instruments for this surgery. These include special hooks and retractors, heated operating tables, and aseptic drainage tubes used in abdominal surgery.
In addition, Kellogg is very interested in designing instruments for light therapy, mechanical drills, proper breathing, and Hydrotherapy. His medical discovery includes a wide range of applications and includes hot air baths, vibrating chairs, oscillazipulators, window tents for fresh air, pneumography for graphics representing breathing habits, loofah mitt, and tools for sterilizing milk at home. Some of his inventions are fashionable enough to be included in the first-class RMS Titanic gymnasium.
As in other areas, Dr. Kellogg made no concerted effort to benefit from his medical discovery. Kellogg's 1916 statement about his food company explains the general motivation: "I want to explain... that the food business I'm living is part of my general scheme to spread biological and health ideas or else I should not be involved in it as a commercial company, but I have run it as part of the general philanthropic work in which I am involved. "
Invention of phototherapy
Partly motivated by Michigan's overcast skies, Kellogg experimented with and worked to develop light therapy, as he believed in the value of electric light bulbs to provide heat penetration to treat body disorders.
He built his first incandescent bath in 1891, claiming to care for thousands of patients at Battle Creek Sanitarium before showing off a bathhouse at the Columbia World Exposition in Chicago in 1893. This discovery reportedly caused little attention there but was brought back to Germany, where it began produced and sold. It was disseminated to Vienna by Kellogg's friends, Dr. Wilhelm Winternitz; installed in royal palaces across Europe; and popularly replaced the ancient Turkish steam baths at the athletic club. Only after the shower cabinet became popular in Europe, demand in the United States flourished. It was imported from Berlin to New York "as a therapeutic novelty". In 1896, Kellogg patented the hot-water baths in the United States (US558394).
In order to "take notes about his work and experience as a pioneer in this branch of physiotherapy," Kellogg published his book Light Therapeutics: a practical guide of phototherapy for students and practitioners, with special reference to incandescent lamps. light-electric shower. In a short work, Kellogg explained the application of arc light to the spine, chest, abdominal area, waist, shoulders, hips and thighs, knees and other joints. He also explained in detail about combining electrotherapies with hydrotherapies, eg. electric bath with shower and shampoo.
Electrotherapy findings
Although Kellogg stated that "electricity is unable to achieve half the miracles claimed for it by many enthusiastic electrotherapists," it still believes electric current to be "a very valuable therapeutic agent, especially when used in conjunction with hydrotherapy, thermotherapy, and other physiological methods." As a result, electrotherapy coils are used in the Department of Static Electricity in Battle Creek Sanitarium especially for cases of neurasthenia paresthesias, insomnia, and certain forms of neuralgia. The device is also used to manage electric shocks to various parts of the patient's body.
Vibration therapy by means of sinusoidal electric currents (high-oscillating frequency) discovered by Kellogg in 1884 had medical use to promote blood circulation and passive exercise. Specifically, Kellogg creates a vibrating seat that is used to stimulate the vital organs in the lower abdomen. Even now one can visit the Kellogg Discovery Center in Battle Creek, Michigan, and sit in a Kellogg quivering chair, which is equipped to mechanically oscillate 20 times per second. Furthermore, Kellogg designed an electrotherapy exercise bed in which sinusoidal currents resulting in muscle contraction can be delivered painlessly for twenty minutes and are reported to achieve a four-mile walking stimulation.
Mechanical massage device
Massage devices include a two or four foot foot vibrator, a mechanical slap massage device, and a welder that was advertised in 1909 for sale for $ 150.00. Kellogg recommends a mechanical massage, a branch of mechanotherapy, for cases of anemia, general weakness, and muscle or nerve weakness.
Irrigator
In 1936, Kellogg petitioned for the discovery of improvements to "irrigation devices that are highly adaptable for colonic irrigation, but are vulnerable to other irrigation treatments." The enhanced irrigator includes features such as measuring the amount of fluid entering and leaving the colon as well as showing and adjusting the positive pressure of the pumped liquid.
In the Battle Creek Sanitarium, these colon irrigators are often used to photograph gallons of water into the patient's rectum into their colon, sometimes followed by a half-pint yogurt enema to help clear up further. It has been suggested that many people will get this treatment at one time.
Display on health
Biological life
Synthesizing his Adventist beliefs with his scientific and medical knowledge, Kellogg created his idea of ​​"biological life." It is the idea that proper diet, exercise, and recreation are needed to maintain a healthy body, mind, and spirit. Thus, policies and therapies at Battle Creek Sanitarium are in line with these biological life principles, such as focusing on vegetarianism or drinking 8-10 glasses of water a day. In fact, his belief that biological life will protect his health is so strong that he does not even feel the need to be vaccinated against smallpox.
The Kellogg philosophy is presented in seven textbooks prepared for Advent school and college. In this case, Kellogg puts the main emphasis on the value of fresh air, exercise, and sunlight, and the dangers of alcohol and tobacco. In practice, Kellogg's biological life is very similar to that of the Christian physiologist, which requires sexual restraint, total abstinence from drugs, and a vegetarian diet.
Display on tobacco
Kellogg is a leading member of the campaign of anti-tobacco campaigns, often talking about the issue. He believes that tobacco consumption not only causes physiological damage, but also pathological, nutritional, moral, and economic damage to society. The belief is that "tobacco does not have one feature of redemption... and is one of the most lethal of all toxic plants known to botanists." His convictions are very much in line with the prevailing Adventist view, which has been the most important supporter of the anti-tobacco movement.
In his 1922 book Tobacco, or How to Tobacco Kills, Kellogg cites many studies about the negative effects of smoking, and goes a step further by attributing the longer lifespan of women to the observation that they take part in less tobacco. than their male counterparts.
Kellogg also served as president of the Michigan Anti-Cigar Society, and after the First World War he served as a member of the Fifty Committee for the Study of Tobacco Problems. The latter group included Henry Ford, George Peabody, and John Burroughs, and ended up producing one of the first educational films against cigarettes. Kellogg's work on several committees against culminating smoking in Utah Senator Reed Smoot introduced a bill to Congress in 1929 aimed at placing tobacco under the scope of the Pure Food and Drug Act. Ultimately, however, this measure fails to pass.
Views on alcohol and other drinks
Although alcoholic beverages were usually used as a stimulant by the medical community during the time Kellogg began his medical practice, he firmly opposed the exercise. The use of alcohol as a cure for anything is "a crime of extraordinary proportion."
Kellogg opposed the prevailing idea at the time that alcohol was a stimulant. Citing contemporary research, Kellogg believes that alcohol can not be a stimulant because it reduces vital activity and suppresses vital forces. Seeing its impact on plants, animals, and humans, he feels that alcohol is poison. Kellogg noticed the damaging effects of alcohol on the brain, the digestive system, and the liver, among other organs.
In addition to the idea that alcohol is an unsuitable therapy tool, Kellogg also thinks of it as the cause of mental and moral bankruptcy. Alcohol is "one of the most efficient evil agents to destroy human happiness, both for the present and the hereafter." Even moderate drinkers experience this effect, because Kellogg feels that toxins are toxic in all doses.
Kellogg also opposed tea and coffee because of the caffeine content of the drink. His view is that caffeine is a poison. It not only specifies the physiological and developmental problems caused by caffeine, but it also suggests that the use of caffeine can lead to a moral deficiency. He blamed the prevalence of this drink not only on alcohol bans at the time, but also on the vast marketing efforts held by the producers of these products. Kellogg's view is that "nature has supplied us with pure water, with a wide variety of fruit juices and healthy and harmless flavors sufficient to meet all our needs."
In the early 1880s, Kellogg had prepared graphs and lectures on the dangers of tobacco and alcohol, widely used by lecturers who encouraged simplicity in their students. In 1878, John Harvey Kellogg, along with Ellen White, founder of Seventh Day Adventists, and several others, have organized the American Health and Temperance Association. The purpose of this organization is to expose the far-reaching tobacco, alcohol, tea, and coffee hazards. For the past 15 years the organization has survived, Kellogg remains president.
Hydropathy
Water Properties
Kellogg has labeled various uses of hydropathy as a by-product of many water properties. In his book of 1867, The Uses of Water in Health & amp; Illness , he acknowledges the chemical composition and physical properties of water. Hydrogen and oxygen, when separated, are two "colorless, transparent, and tasteless" gases, which are explosive when mixed. More importantly, water, he says, has the highest specific heat of any compound (though in reality it does not). Thus, the amount of heat and energy required to raise the water temperature is significantly higher than other compounds such as mercury. Kellogg talks about the ability of water to absorb large amounts of energy when the phases shift. He also highlighted the most useful properties of water, his ability to dissolve many other substances.
Water repairs properties
According to Kellogg, water provides partial repair properties due to vital resistance and partly because of its physical properties. For Kellogg, the medical use of water begins with its function as a refrigerant, a way to reduce body heat by eliminating its production as well as by conduction. "There is no cure in all materia medica that will reduce body temperature so easily and efficiently as water." Water can also act as a sedative. While other substances act as a sedative by exerting toxic effects on the heart and nerves, water is a softer and more efficient sedative without the negative side effects seen in these other substances. Kellogg stated that cold showers can often reduce the pulse rate by twenty to forty beats per minute quickly, within minutes. In addition, water can serve as a tonic, increasing circulation speed and overall body temperature. Hot baths speed up a person's pulse from seventy to one hundred and fifty beats per minute in fifteen minutes. Water is also useful as anodyne as it can decrease nerve sensibility and reduce pain when applied in the form of heat fomentation. Kellogg argues that this procedure will often provide a relief where every other drug fails to do so. He also believes that no other treatment can function as well as antispasmodic, reducing seizures and infantile cramps, such as water. Water can be an effective astringent because when used cold, it can catch bleeding. In addition, this can be very effective in producing bowel movements. While laxatives will introduce "violent and unpleasant symptoms", water will not. Although it would not have as much competition as emetic at the time, Kellogg believed there was no other substance that could cause vomiting and water. Returning to one of Kellogg's most admired water qualities, it can serve as the "most perfect eliminative". Water can dissolve the waste and foreign matter from the blood. The widespread use of water causes Kellogg to believe that "the goal of a faithful doctor must be reached for his patient, the greatest amount of goodness at the least of vitality expenditure, and it is an undeniable fact that in a large number of water cases only agents with this desired goal can obtained. "
Incorrect use of water treatment
Although Kellogg praised hydropathy for its many uses, he acknowledged the limit. "In almost all cases, sunlight, pure air, rest, exercise, decent food, and other hygienic agents are as important as water, electricity is also a drug that should not be ignored, and skilled surgery is absolutely indispensable.. "With this belief, he continues to criticize many medical figures who abuse or exaggerate hydropathy in treating illness. Among other things, he criticized what he called a "Cold Water Doctor" who would recommend the same drug regardless of the type of illness or patient temperament. These doctors will prescribe ice cold baths in unarmed rooms even during the harshest winters. In his opinion, the prejudice approach to this disease results in the conversion of hydropathy into a more heroic type of treatment in which many people become obsessed with bathing in cold ice baths. He discusses the negative consequences resulting from this "madness", among them tuberculosis and other diseases. This dangerous habit is only exacerbated by doctors who use excessive hydropathy. Kellogg recounted the incident in which a patient with low typhoid fever was treated with thirty-five cold packets while in a weak state and, unsurprisingly Kellogg, died. Kellogg argues the use of this excessive and dangerous hydropathy as a return to the "violent process" of bloodshed, antimony, mercury and laxatives. Kellogg also criticized the ignorance in the "Hidropatic Dukun" as well as in Preissnitz, the founder of modern hydropathy, himself. Kellogg states that "Quacks" and also Preissnitz do not know too much about hydropathy as a "healing all" medicine without understanding the nature of the disease.
Views about sexuality
Both as a doctor and an Adventist, Kellogg is a supporter of sexual abstinence. As a doctor, Kellogg was well aware of the damaging effects of sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis, which were incurable before the 1910s. Kellogg devoted much of his educational and medical work to minimizing sexual activity on the basis of the scientifically perceived danger - such as sexually transmitted diseases - and taught by the Seventh-day Adventist Church.
Kellogg is a follower of the teachings of Ellen G. White and Sylvester Graham. Graham, who inspired the creation of graham crackers, advised to keep the diet from getting excited. Kellogg's work on the diet is influenced by the belief that a regular and healthy diet, with only twice a day, will reduce sexual feelings. Those who are tempted to avoid food and drink stimulate, and eat very little meat, if any.
Kellogg set his view on such matters in one of his larger books, published in a longer edition around the beginning of the 20th century. She was unmarried when she published the first edition of Ordinary Facts about Sexual Life (1877, 1, 356 pages). She and the bride apparently wrote 156 additional pages during the honeymoon, releasing a new edition as Ordinary Facts for the Young and Young (1879, 2, 512 pages). In 1886 it was 644 pages; in 1901, 720 pages; in 1903, 798; and in 1917 Kellogg published a four-volume four-volume edition. An estimated half a million copies are sold, many by wise door-to-door reconnaissance.
"Battle with passion"
Kellogg warns that many types of sexual activity, including "excesses" that couples can be guilty in marriage, against nature, and therefore, very unhealthy. He drew the warning of William Acton and expressed support for his contemporary Anthony Comstock work. He seems to follow his own advice; it is believed that his own marriage was never perfected.
Kellogg is a very passionate campaigner against masturbation. This was an orthodox view at the time, especially during the early part of his lifetime. Kellogg was able to capitalize on many claims of medical sources such as "either plague, or war, or smallpox, or similar diseases, have produced results so disastrous for mankind as a habit of destroying onanism," credited to one Dr. Adam Clarke. Kellogg strongly warned against the habit in his own words, claiming deaths related to masturbation "such a victim actually dies with his own hands," among other curses. He feels that masturbation not only destroys physical and mental health, but also moral health. Kellogg also believes that this practice of "disobedience" causes uterine cancer, urinary tract disease, nighttime emission, impotence, epilepsy, insanity, and mental and physical disability; "dimness of vision" is mentioned only briefly. Kellogg thinks masturbation is the worst crime anyone can commit; he often referred to it as "self-torture".
Prevention of masturbation
As leader of the anti-masturbation movement, Kellogg promotes extreme measures to prevent masturbation. His methods for "rehabilitation" of masturbation experts include measuring to the point of mutilation without drugs, in both sexes. He is a supporter to circumcise young boys to curb masturbation and apply carbolic acid to the clitoris of young women. In Ordinary Facts for Old and Young , he writes:
Drugs that almost always work in small boys are circumcision, especially when there is a level of phimosis. Surgery should be performed by a surgeon without providing anesthesia, because the brief pain present in the operation will have a beneficial effect on the mind, especially if it is linked to the idea of ​​punishment, as it may be in some cases. The pain that lasts for several weeks interrupts the exercise, and if previously not too steady, it may be forgotten and not continued.
lebih lanjut
method of treatment [to prevent masturbation]... and we have used it with all the satisfaction. It consists in applying one or more silver sutures in such a way as to prevent an erection. Preputium, or foreskin, is pulled forward past the gland, and the needle attached to the wire is passed from one side to the other. After drawing the wire, the ends are twisted into one, and cut close. There is currently no erection possible, and the resulting mild irritation becomes the most powerful tool to overcome the disposition to use this exercise.
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In women, the authors have found the application of pure carbolic acid (phenol) to the clitoris is an excellent means of eliminating abnormal excitement.
He also recommends, to prevent children from this "isolation", bandage or tie their hands, cover their genitals with a patented enclosure and electric shock.
In his book
Cold sitz bath; cool enema; dietary reserves; application of blisters and other irritants to sensitive parts of the sexual organs, clitoral removal and nymphae...
Next life
Kellogg will live for more than sixty years after writing Ordinary Facts . Whether he continues to teach the "facts" in them is not entirely clear, though it appears from the books he later wrote that he moved from this subject. One source, taking a positive view of his nutritious and anti-smoking work, showed that he "dropped his obsession on sex crimes" around 1920, which would be consistent with the latest edition of the Ordinary Facts published on in 1917, but another very important source states that he "never withdraws his claim."
She continues to work on healthy eating suggestions and runs a sanitarium, even though it's hit by the Great Depression and has to be sold. He runs another Florida institute, popular for the rest of his life, though it's a different step from his Battle Creek institute.
Quality Improvement Foundation
Kellogg was outspoken on his beliefs about race and segregation, though he himself raised some black children. In 1906, along with Irving Fisher and Charles Davenport, Kellogg founded the Quality Improvement Foundation, which became the main center of the new eugenics movement in America. Kellogg supports racial segregation and believes that immigrants and non-whites will damage gene pools.
Relationship with W. K. Kellogg
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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