A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form inside the brain. There are two main types of tumors: malignant tumors or cancer and benign tumors. Cancer tumors can be divided into primary tumors that begin in the brain, and secondary tumors that have spread from elsewhere, known as brain metastatic tumors. All types of brain tumors can produce symptoms that vary depending on the part of the brain involved. These symptoms may include headache, seizures, vision problems, vomiting, and mental changes. The headache is classically worse in the morning and goes away with vomiting. More specific issues may include difficulty walking, talking, and with sensations. When the disease progresses unconscious may occur.
The cause of most brain tumors is unknown. Unusual risk factors include inherited neurofibromatosis, vinyl chloride exposure, Epstein-Barr virus, and ionizing radiation. The proof for the phone is not clear. The most common types of primary tumors in adults are meningiomas (usually benign), and astrocytomas such as glioblastoma. In children, the most common type is malignant medulloblastoma. Diagnosis is usually by a medical examination together with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. This is then often confirmed with a biopsy. Based on the findings, the tumor is divided into different severity levels.
Treatment may include some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Anticonvulsants may be needed if seizures occur. Dexamethasone and furosemide can be used to reduce swelling around the tumor. Some tumors grow gradually, requiring only monitoring and may not require further intervention. Treatments that use one's immune system are being studied. The results vary depending on the type of tumor and how far it spreads during the diagnosis. Glioblastoma usually has poor results while meningiomas usually have good results. The five-year survival rate for all brain cancers in the United States is 33%.
Secondary or metastatic brain tumors are more common than primary brain tumors, with about half the metastases originating from lung cancer. Primary brain tumors occur in about 250,000 people per year worldwide, which accounts for less than 2% of cancers. In children younger than 15 years, brain tumors are second only to acute lymphoblastic leukemia as the most common form of cancer. In Australia, the average lifetime cost of brain cancer cases is $ 1.9 million, the largest of all types of cancer.
Video Brain tumor
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of a broad brain tumor. People with brain tumors will experience it no matter whether the tumor is benign (not cancer) or cancer. Primary and secondary brain tumors present with similar symptoms, depending on the location, size, and rate of tumor growth. For example, a larger tumor in the frontal lobe may cause a change in thinking ability. However, smaller tumors in areas such as the Wernicke area (a small area responsible for language understanding) can lead to greater loss of function.
Headache
Headache as a result of increased intracranial pressure can be an early symptom of brain cancer. However, isolated headaches without other symptoms are less common, and other symptoms often occur before headaches become common. Certain warning signs for headaches are there that make it more likely to be associated with brain cancer. This is as defined by the American Academy of Neurology: "Abnormal neurologic examinations, headaches worsened by Valsalva maneuvers, headaches leading to waking from sleep, new headaches in older populations, worsening headaches, features of atypical, or patient headaches which does not meet the strict definition of migraine ".
Location-specific symptoms
The brain is divided into 4 lobes and each lobe or area has its own function. Tumors in one of these lobes can affect the performance of the area. The location of the tumor is often associated with the symptoms experienced but everyone may experience something different.
- Frontal lobe tumors can contribute to poor reasoning, inappropriate social behavior, personality changes, poor planning, lower inhibition, and decreased speech production (Broca's area).
- the temporal lobes: Tumors in this lobe can contribute to poor memory, hearing loss, difficulty in language comprehension (Wernicke area).
- The parietal lobe: Tumors here can result in poor language interpretation, decreased touch and pain, and poor spatial and visual perception.
- The occipital lobe: Damage to this lobe can have adverse effects or loss of vision.
- Cerebellum: Tumors in this area can cause poor balance, muscle movement, and posture.
- Brainstem: This tumor can affect blood pressure, swallowing, and heart rate.
Behavior change
Despite the personality and behavioral changes that occur in people with brain tumors, little research on those changes has been done. A person's personality can be changed because of a brain tumor lobe. Because the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes control the inhibition, emotion, mood, judgment, reasoning, and behavior, primary or secondary tumors in the region can lead to inappropriate social behavior, anger, laughing at things that are not ostensible, and even psychological symptoms like depression and anxiety.
Personality changes can have damaging effects such as unemployment, unstable relationships, and lack of control.
Maps Brain tumor
Cause
Epidemiological studies are needed to determine risk factors. Apart from exposure to vinyl chloride or ionizing radiation, no environmental factors are known to be associated with brain tumors. Mutations and removal of tumor suppressor genes, such as P53, are thought to be responsible for some forms of brain tumor. Inherited conditions, such as Von Hippel-Lindau disease, multiple endocrine neoplasia, and type 2 neurofibromatosis carry a high risk for the development of brain tumors. People with celiac disease have a slightly increased risk of developing brain tumors.
Although studies have not shown any connection between cell phones or cell phone radiation and brain tumors, the World Health Organization has classified cell phone radiation on the IARC scale into Group 2B - possibly carcinogenic. Claiming claims that the current use of cell phones can cause brain cancer, modern, third generation (3G) phones average, about 1% of the energy emitted by GSM (2G) phones used during epidemiological studies that observe a slightly increased risk for glioma - a type of malignant brain cancer - among the heavy users of cordless and wireless phones.
Pathophysiology
Meninges
The human brain is surrounded by a connective tissue membrane system called the meninges that separate the brain from the skull. This triple layer consists of (from the outside into) dura mater ("hard mother"), arachnoid mater ("spidery mother"), and pia mater ("soft mother"). Arachnoids and pia are physically connected and are therefore often regarded as a single layer, pia-arachnoid, or leptomeninges . Between arachnoid mater and pia mater is a subarachnoid space containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This fluid circulates in the narrow space between the cells and through a cavity in the brain called the ventricle, to nourish, support, and protect the brain tissue. The blood vessels enter the central nervous system through the perivascular space above the pia mater. The cells in the blood vessel wall join tightly, forming a blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from toxins that may enter through the blood. Meninges are meningiomas and are often benign.
Brain important
The human brain and other vertebrates are composed of very soft tissues and have a gelatin-like texture. The living brain tissue has a pink color on the outside (gray matter), and is almost perfectly white on the inside (white matter), with subtle color variations. Three separate brain areas make up most of the brain's volume:
- telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres or cerebrum)
- mesencephalon (midbrain)
- cerebellum
These areas consist of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glia. Both types are equally numerous in the brain as a whole, although glial cells exceed the number of neurons by about 4 to 1 in the cerebral cortex. Glia come in several types, which perform a number of important functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation, and development guidance.
Primary tumors of glial cells are called gliomas and often become malignant by the time they are diagnosed.
Spinal cord and other tissues
Pons in the brain stem are a specific region consisting of a myelin axon such as the spinal cord. The thalamus and hypothalamus of the diencephalon also consist of neuronal and glial tissue cells with the pituitary (pituitary gland) and pineal gland (which is the glandular tissue) attached to the bottom; Pituitary and pineal gland tumors are often benign. Medulla oblongata is at the beginning of the spinal cord and is composed primarily of neuronal tissue that is enveloped in Schwann cells and tissue meninges. The spinal cord consists of this collection of axons. Glial cells such as Schwann cells on the periphery or, inside the cable itself, oligodendrocytes, wrap themselves around the axon, thus promoting faster electrical signal transmission and also providing general maintenance of the environment around the cable, partly by transporting different compounds. around in response to injuries or other stimuli.
Diagnosis
Most of the brain is separated from blood by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which provides restrictive control for which substances are allowed to pass. Therefore, many tracers that reach the tumor in the body very easily will only reach the brain tumor once there is a disruption to the BBB. Thus the disorder of the BBB, which can be detected by MRI and CT, is considered the primary diagnostic indicator for malignant glioma, meningioma, and brain metastases.
Although there are no specific or single clinical symptoms or signs for a brain tumor, the presence of a combination of symptoms and a lack of appropriate clinical indications of infection or other causes may be an indicator to direct diagnostic investigation of possible intracranial neoplasms. Brain tumors have similar characteristics and constraints when it comes to diagnosis and therapy with tumors located elsewhere in the body. However, they create specific issues that follow closely the properties of the organs they enter.
Diagnosis will often begin by taking a medical history that records medical history, and current symptoms. Clinical and laboratory investigations will serve to exclude infection as the cause of symptoms. Examinations at this stage may include eye, otolaryngological (or ENT) and electrophysiological examinations. The use of electroencephalography (EEG) often plays a role in the diagnosis of brain tumors.
Swelling or obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid channel (CSF) of the brain can cause early signs of increased clinically interpreted intracranial pressure to become a headache, vomiting, or altered state of consciousness, and in children turning into skull diameter. and bulging from the fontanel. More complex symptoms such as endocrine dysfunction should warn doctors not to exclude brain tumors.
Bilateral temporal visual defects (due to optical chiasma compression) or pupil dilation, and the development of sudden focal neurological symptoms, such as cognitive and behavioral disorders (including impaired judgment, memory loss). , lack of recognition, spatial orientation disorder), personality or emotional changes, hemiparesis, hypoesthesia, aphasia, ataxia, visual field disturbances, olfactory disorders, hearing loss, facial paralysis, double vision, or more severe symptoms such as tremor, paralysis on one side hemiplegia of the body, or (epilepsy) seizures in patients with a negative history for epilepsy, should increase the likelihood of brain tumors.
Imaging
Medical imaging plays a central role in the diagnosis of brain tumors. Initial - invasive and sometimes dangerous imaging methods - such as pneumoencephalography and cerebral angiography have been abandoned for non-invasive, high resolution techniques, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans. The neoplasm will often be displayed as a mass of different colors (also referred to as processes) in CT or MRI results.
- Benign brain tumors often appear as lesions of hypodens (darker than brain tissue) on CT scans. In MRI, they appear either hypodense or isointense on a T1-weighted, or hyperintense (lighter-than-brain tissue) scan of T2-weighted MRI, although their appearance varies.
- The administration of contrast agents, sometimes in characteristic patterns, can be demonstrated on CT scans or MRI in most primary malignant and metastatic brain tumors.
- The pressure area in which the brain tissue has been compressed by the tumor also appears hyperintense on T2-weighted scans and may indicate the presence of diffuse neoplasms due to unclear lines. The swelling around the tumor known as peritumoral edema can also show similar results.
This is because this tumor interferes with the normal function of BBB and causes an increase in permeability. However, it is not possible to diagnose high-versus low gliomas based on an elevated pattern alone.
The exact diagnosis of a brain tumor can only be confirmed by histologic examination of tumor tissue samples obtained either by means of brain biopsy or open surgery. Histologic examination is essential to determine appropriate treatment and correct prognosis. This examination, conducted by a pathologist, usually has three stages: fresh tissue interoperative examination, early microscopic examination of the prepared tissue, and follow-up examination of tissue prepared after immunohistochemical staining or genetic analysis.
Pathology
Tumors have characteristics that allow the determination of the malignancy and how they will evolve, and determining these characteristics will allow the medical team to determine management plans.
Anaplasia or dedifferentiation: loss of cell differentiation and their orientation to each other and blood vessels, characteristic of anaplastic tumor tissue. The anaplastic cells have lost total control over their normal function and many are damaged in the cell structure. Anaplastic cells often have abnormally high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios, and many are multinucleated. In addition, anaplastic cell nuclei are usually unnatural or too large. Cells can become anaplastic in two ways: neoplastic tumor cells can differentiate into anaplasias (dedifferentiation causes cells to lose all their normal structure/function), or cancer stem cells can increase their capacity to multiply (ie, uncontrolled growth due to differentiation failure).
Atypia: an indication of cell abnormalities (which may be indicative for malignancy). The significance of this disorder depends on the context.
Neoplasia: uncontrolled division of cells. Thus, neoplasia is not problematic but the consequence is: uncontrolled cell division means that the mass of the neoplasm increases in size, and in such confined space as the intracranial cavity becomes quickly problematic because the mass invades the space from the brain pushing it aside, causing compression of brain tissue and increased intracranial pressure and destruction of the brain parenchyma. Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) may be caused by direct tumor mass effect, increased blood volume, or an increase in cerebrospinal fluid volume (CSF), which may, in turn, have secondary symptoms.
Necrosis: death (premature) cells, caused by external factors such as infection, toxin, or trauma. Necrotic cells send false chemical signals that prevent phagocytes from dumping dead cells, causing buildup of dead tissue, cell debris and toxins at or near the site of necrotic cells.
Arterial and venous hypoxia, or deprivation of sufficient oxygen supply to certain areas of the brain, occurs when the tumor uses the closest blood vessels to the blood supply and the neoplasm enters the competition for nutrients with surrounding brain tissue.
In general, neoplasms can lead to the release of metabolic end products (eg, free radicals, electrolyte changes, neurotransmitters), and the release and recruitment of cell mediators (eg, cytokines) that interfere with normal parenchymal function.
Classification
Secondary brain tumor
The brain's secondary tumor is metastatic and has invaded the brain from cancer from other organs. This means that cancer neoplasms have developed in other organs in the body parts and cancer cells have leaked from the primary tumor and then enter the lymphatic system and blood vessels. They then circulate through the bloodstream, and are deposited in the brain. There, these cells continue to grow and divide, becoming another invasive neoplasm of primary cancer tissue. Brain secondary tumors are very common in terminal phases of patients with metastatic cancer that can not be cured; the most common types of cancers that cause secondary tumors in the brain are lung cancer, breast cancer, malignant melanoma, kidney cancer, and colon cancer (in decreasing frequency sequence).
Secondary brain tumors are more common than primary tumors; in the United States there are about 170,000 new cases each year. Secondary brain tumors are the most common cause of tumors in the intracranial cavity. The skull bone structure can also be subjected to neoplasms that naturally reduce the volume of the intracranial cavity, and can damage the brain.
Based on behavior
Brain tumors or intracranial neoplasms can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). However, the definition of malignant or benign neoplasms is different from that commonly used in other types of cancer or non-cancer neoplasms in the body. In cancer elsewhere in the body, three malignancies distinguish benign tumors from malignant forms: benign tumors are limited and do not attack or metastasize. Characteristics of malignant tumors include:
- uncontrolled mitosis (growth by division beyond the normal limits)
- anaplasia: cells in the neoplasm have distinctly different shapes (in size and shape). The anaplastic cells display a marked pleomorphism. Cell nuclei are highly hyperchromatic (dark) and enlarged; the nucleus may have the same size as the cell cytoplasm (the cytoplasmic-core ratio may be close to 1: 1, instead of the normal 1: 4 or 1: 6 ratio). Giant cells - much larger than their neighbors - can form and have one large nucleus or some nuclei (syncytia). The anaplastic nucleus is variable and strange in size and shape.
- invasion or infiltration (medical literature uses these terms as identical equations, but for clarity the articles that follow obey the convention they mean are slightly different things: this convention is not followed outside this article ): Invasion or invasive is the spatial expansion of the tumor through uncontrolled mitosis, in the sense that neoplasms invade the space occupied by adjacent tissues, thereby pushing the other tissues aside and finally pressing the tissue. Often these tumors are associated with tumors that are clearly described in imaging. Infiltration is a good tumor behavior to grow (microscopically) tentacles that push into nearby tissues (often outline undetermined or diffuse tumors) or have tumor cells "sow" into tissue outside the circumference of tumor masses; this does not mean that infiltrative tumors do not take up space or do not compress surrounding tissue when it grows, but infiltration neoplasms make it difficult to tell where the tumor ends and healthy tissue begins.
From the above malignant characteristics, some elements do not apply to the main brain neoplasm:
- Primary brain tumors rarely metastasize to other organs; some forms of primary brain tumors can metastasize but will not spread beyond the intracranial cavity or the central spinal canal. Because of BBB, cancer cells from primary neoplasms can not enter the bloodstream and are taken to other locations in the body. (Separate case reports sometimes show the spread of certain brain tumors outside the central nervous system, such as glioblastoma multiforme bone metastasis.)
- Primary brain tumors are generally invasive (ie they will develop spatially and infiltrate into the space occupied by other brain tissues and suppress the brain tissue); However, some of the more malignant primary brain tumors will infiltrate surrounding tissue.
Of the many assessment systems used for tumor classification in the central nervous system, the World Health Organization (WHO) assessment system is commonly used for astrocytoma. Founded in 1993 in an effort to eliminate confusion about the diagnosis, the WHO system establishes a four-level histological assessment guideline for astrocytomas that deliver grades from 1 to 4, with the least aggressive 1 and 4 being the most aggressive.
Type
Tumors can be benign or malignant, can occur in different parts of the brain, and may be primary or secondary. Primary tumor is a tumor that has begun in the brain, compared to a metastatic tumor, which is something that has spread to the brain from other parts of the body. Incidence of metastatic tumors is more common than primary tumors with 4: 1. Tumors may or may not be symptomatic: some tumors are found because patients have symptoms, others appear by chance on imaging scans, or on autopsies.
The most common primary brain tumors are:
- Gliomas (50.4%)
- Meningioma (20.8%)
- Pituitary adenoma (15%)
- Nerve sheath heel (8%)
These common tumors can also be adjusted according to the original tissue as shown below:
Specific type
astrocytoma anaplastik, Astrocytoma, neurocytoma Tengah, pleksus karsinoma Choroid, Choroid pleksus papiloma, Choroid tumor pleksus, Dysembryoplastic tumor neuroepithelial, tumor ependymal, astrocytoma fibrillary, glioblastoma raksasa-sel, Glioblastoma multiforme, glioma cerebri, Gliosarcoma, Hemangiopericytoma, Medulloblastoma, Medulloepithelioma, meningeal karsinomatosis, Neuroblastoma, Neurocytoma, Oligoastrocytoma, Oligodendroglioma, Selubung saraf optik meningioma, Ependymoma pediatrik, astrocytoma pilocytic, Pinealoblastoma, Pineocytoma, neuroblastoma anaplastik Pleomorfik, xanthoastrocytoma Pleomorphic, limfoma sistem saraf pusat primer, meningioma sayap Sphenoid, astrocytoma sel raksasa subependymal, Subependymoma, Trilateral retinoblastoma.
Perawatan
When a brain tumor is diagnosed, a medical team will be set up to assess the treatment options provided by a prominent surgeon to the patient and his family. Given the location of primary solid brain neoplasms in many cases the option of "not doing anything" is usually not presented. Neurosurgeons take the time to observe the evolution of neoplasms before proposing management plans to patients and their relatives. These different types of treatments are available depending on the type and location of the neoplasm and can be combined to provide the best chance of survival:
- Surgery: complete or partial resection of the tumor in order to remove as much of the tumor cell as possible.
- Radiotherapy: the most common treatment used for brain tumors; tumor irradiated with beta, x-ray or gamma rays.
- Chemotherapy: is a treatment option for cancer, however, it is not always used to treat brain tumors because the blood-brain barrier can prevent some drugs reaching the cancer cells.
- Various experimental therapies are available through clinical trials.
The survival rate of primary brain tumors depends on the type of tumor, age, functional status of the patient, surgical removal of the tumor, and other factors specific for each case.
Surgery
The main and most desirable action described in the medical literature is surgical removal (resection) through a craniotomy. Minimally invasive techniques become the dominant trend in neurosurgical oncology. The main purpose of surgical repair is to remove as many tumor cells as possible, with complete removal being the best result and cytoreduction ("debulking") from the opposite tumor. In some cases, access to tumors is impossible and inhibits or prohibits surgery.
Many meningiomas, with the exception of some tumors located at the base of the skull, can be successfully removed surgically. Most pituitary adenomas can be removed surgically, often using a minimally invasive approach through the nasal cavity and the base of the skull (trans-nasal, trans-sphenoidal approach). A large pituitary adenoma requires a craniotomy (opening of the skull) for its removal. Radiotherapy, including a stereotactic approach, is provided for inoperable cases.
Several current research studies aim to improve surgical removal of brain tumors by labeling tumor cells with 5-aminolevulinic acid that causes them to fluoresce. Postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy are integral to standard therapy for malignant tumors. Radiotherapy may also be given in the case of "low grade gliomas" when significant tumor burden reductions can not be achieved by surgery.
Multiple metastatic tumors are generally treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy rather than surgery and the prognosis in such cases is determined by the primary tumor, and is generally poor.
Radiation therapy
The purpose of radiation therapy is to kill tumor cells while leaving normal brain tissue unscathed. In standard external beam radiation therapy, some standard "dosage" doses of radiation are applied to the brain. This process is repeated for a total of 10 to 30 treatments, depending on the type of tumor. This additional treatment provides some patients with better results and longer survival rates.
Radiosurgery is a treatment method that uses computerized computations to focus radiation at the site of the tumor while minimizing the radiation dose to the surrounding brain. Radiosurgery may be an adjunct to other treatments, or may be the primary treatment technique for some tumors. Forms used include stereotactic radiosurgery, such as Gamma knife, Cyberknife or Novalis Tx radiosurgery.
Radiotherapy may be used the following, or in some cases in place, tumor resection. The forms of radiotherapy used for brain cancer include external beam radiation therapy, the most common, and brachytherapy and proton therapy, the latter primarily used for children.
Radiotherapy is the most common treatment for secondary brain tumors. The amount of radiotherapy depends on the size of the brain area affected by cancer. Conventional external beams "whole-brain radiotherapy treatment" (WBRT) or "whole-brain irradiation" can be suggested if there is a risk that other secondary tumors will develop in the future. Stereotactic radiotherapy is usually recommended in cases involving fewer than three small secondary brain tumors.
People who receive stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) for treatment of metastatic brain tumors have more than twice the risk of developing learning and memory problems than those treated with SRS alone.
Chemotherapy
Patients undergoing chemotherapy were given drugs designed to kill tumor cells. Although chemotherapy can improve overall survival in patients with the most malignant primary brain tumors, it does so in only about 20 percent of patients. Chemotherapy is often used in young children rather than radiation, because radiation may have a negative effect on the developing brain. The decision to prescribe this treatment is based on the overall health of the patient, the type of tumor, and the cancer rate. Toxicity and many of the side effects of drugs, and the uncertain results of chemotherapy on brain tumors place this treatment even further below the preferred line of care with surgery and preferred radiation therapy.
UCLA Neuro-Oncology publishes real-time survival data for patients with a diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme. They are the only institution in the United States that shows how brain tumor patients are currently treating. They also showed a list of chemotherapy agents used to treat high-grade glioma tumors.
More
A shunt can be used to relieve symptoms caused by intracranial pressure, by reducing the accumulation of fluid (hydrocephalus) caused by a blockage of free flow of cerebrospinal fluid.
Prognosis
The prognosis of brain cancer depends on the type of cancer being diagnosed. Medulloblastoma has a good prognosis with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical resection while glioblastoma multiforme has a median survival of only 12 months even with aggressive chemoradiotherapy and surgery. The glioma brain stem has the poorest prognosis of all forms of brain cancer, with most patients dying within a year, even with therapy that usually consists of radiation to the tumor along with corticosteroids. However, one type, focal brainstem glioma in children, appears to be open to a remarkable prognosis and long-term survival is often reported.
Glioblastoma multiforme
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive (level IV) and most common form of malignant brain tumor. Even when aggressive multimodality therapy consisting of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgical excision was used, the average survival was only 12-17 months. The standard therapy for glioblastoma multiforme consists of a maximum surgical resection of the tumor, followed by radiotherapy between two and four weeks after surgical procedures to remove the cancer, then with chemotherapy, such as temozolomide. Most patients with glioblastoma take corticosteroids, usually dexamethasone, during their illness to relieve symptoms. Experimental treatments include targeted therapy, gamma knife radiosurgery, neutron boron retention therapy and gene therapy.
Oligodendrogliomas
Oligodendroglioma can not be cured but a progressive malignant brain tumor is slow. They can be treated with surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination. For some suspected low grade tumors (grade II), only one waiting session and symptomatic therapy were selected. These tumors exhibit a high frequency of the joint elimination of p and q arm chromosome 1 and chromosome 19 respectively (1p19q co-deletion) and have been found to be highly chemosensitive with one report claiming them to be one of the most sensitive tumors.. The average survival of up to 16.7 years has been reported for class II oligodendroglioma.
Epidemiology
The incidence of brain cancer shows a significant difference between more and less developed countries (less developed countries have lower incidence of brain tumors). This can be explained by undiagnosed tumor-related deaths (patients in very poor situations are not diagnosed, simply because they do not have access to the modern diagnostic facilities necessary to diagnose brain tumors) and by deaths caused by other poverty-related causes. which precedes the patient's life before the tumor develops or the tumor becomes life-threatening. However, studies show that certain forms of primary brain tumors are more common among certain population groups.
The incidence of low-grade astrocytoma has not been shown to vary significantly with citizenship. However, studies investigating the incidence of malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors have shown some variation with country of origin. Because some high-grade lesions emerge from low-level tumors, this trend is worth mentioning. In particular, the incidence of CNS tumors in the United States, Israel, and Nordic countries is relatively high, while Japan and Asian countries have lower incidents. These differences may reflect some of the biological differences as well as differences in pathological diagnosis and reporting. Worldwide data on cancer incidents can be found at WHO (World Health Organization) and handled by IARC (International Agency for Cancer Research) located in France.
United States
For the United States in 2005, it was projected that there would be 43,800 new cases of brain tumors accounting for less than 1 percent of all cancers, 2.4 percent of all deaths from cancer, and 20-25 percent of pediatric cancers. It is estimated that in the United States there are 13,000 deaths per year as a result of brain tumors.
English
The brain, another CNS or an intracranial tumor is the ninth most common cancer in the UK (about 10,600 people diagnosed in 2013), and it is the eighth most common cause of cancer death (about 5,200 people died in 2012).
Research
Immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy is actively studied. For malignant gliomas there is no proven therapeutic increase in life expectancy by 2015.
vesicular stomatitis virus
In 2000, researchers used the vesicular stomatitis virus, or VSV, to infect and kill cancer cells without affecting healthy cells.
Led by Prof Nori Kasahara, a researcher from USC, now at UCLA, reported in 2001 the first example to successfully apply the retroviral replication vector to cell line transduction derived from solid tumors. Built on this initial work, the researchers applied technology to the in vivo cancer model and in 2005 reported long-term survival benefits in animal models of experimental brain tumors. Furthermore, in preparation for human clinical trials, this technology was further developed by Tocagen (a pharmaceutical company primarily focused on the treatment of brain cancer) as a combination treatment (Toca 511 & Toca FC). These have been investigated since 2010 in Phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of recurrent high-grade glioma potential including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and anaplastic astrocytoma. No results published yet.
Children
In the US, about 2,000 children and adolescents younger than 20 are diagnosed with malignant brain tumors each year. Higher incidence rates were reported in 1985-1994 than in 1975-1983. There is some debate about the reason; One theory is that trends are the result of increased diagnosis and reporting, since jumps occur at the same time as MRI becomes widely available, and there is no accidental death spurt. The survival rate of central nervous system cancer in children is about 60%. The rates vary with the type of cancer and the age of onset: younger patients have a higher mortality.
In children under 2 years, about 70% of brain tumors are medulloblastomas, ependymoma, and low-grade gliomas. Less common, and seen usually in infants, are teratomas and atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors. Germ cell tumors, including teratomas, account for only 3% of the child's primary brain tumor, but the incidence worldwide varies greatly.
In the UK, 429 children aged 14 and under are diagnosed with an average brain tumor each year, and 563 children and young people under the age of 19 are diagnosed.
See also
- Timeline of brain cancer
- List of prominent brain tumor patients
- Pituitary adenomas ("pituitary tumors") are sometimes mistakenly referred to as brain tumors. This may be because the pituitary gland is on the skull, but it's not part of the brain. Pituitary adenomas are rarely cancerous.
References
External links
- Brain Cancer and CNS in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Brain tumor information from Cancer Research UK
- Neuro-Oncology: Cancer Management Guidelines
- MedPix Teaches MR Scans Files from Primary Brain Lymphoma, etc.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments