Awareness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) is an approach to psychotherapy that was originally developed as a relapse prevention treatment for depression. Research shows that it may be very effective for individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). The focus on MDD and cognitive processes is what distinguishes MBCT from other awareness-based treatments such as mindset-based stress reduction (MBSR), which applies to a variety of disorders, and the prevention-based recurrence relapse used to treat addiction..
MBCT uses a method of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in collaboration with Eastern psychology strategies such as awareness meditation. Cognitive methods may include educating participants about depression. Meditation mindfulness and mindfulness focus to become aware of all thoughts and feelings that enter and receive it, but not attached or react to it. This process is known as "Decentering" and aids in breaking away from self-criticism, contemplation, and dysphoric mood that can arise when reacting to negative thinking patterns.
Like CBT, MBCT functions on the theory of etiology that when individuals who historically experience depression become depressed, they return to an automatic cognitive process that can trigger depressive episodes. MBCT's goal is to interrupt these automated processes and teach participants to focus less on reactions to incoming stimuli, rather than accept and observe them without judgment. Like MBSR, this awareness exercise encourages participants to notice when automatic processes occur and turn their reactions into more of a reflection. It was theorized that the MBCT aspect was responsible for the clinical outcomes observed.
Beyond the use of MBCT to reduce symptoms of depression, additional research supports the effectiveness of mindfulness meditation in reducing the desire for individuals with substance abuse problems. Addiction is known to involve interference with the prefrontal cortex which usually allows to delay immediate gratification for long-term benefits by the limbic and paralimbic brain regions. The nucleus accumbens, along with the ventral tegmental area, are the connecting hubs of the reward circuit. The nucleus accumbens is also one of the brain structures most involved in drug dependence. Meditation mindfulness of smokers over a two-week period of five hours meditation reduces smoking by about 60% and reduces their desire, even for those who experiment in experiments that have no prior intention to quit smoking. Neuroimaging of those who practice mindfulness meditation reveals increased activity in the prefrontal cortex, a sign of greater self-control.
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In 1991, Philip Barnard and John Teasdale created the concept of tiered thinking called "Interacting Cognitive Subsystems" (ICS). The ICS model is based on the concept of Barnard and Teasdale that the mind has several modes that are responsible for receiving and processing new information cognitively and emotionally. The concept of Barnard and Teasdale (1991) associates the individual's susceptibility to depression with the degree to which he relies only on one mode of thought, inadvertently blocking other modes. The two main modes of mind include "do" and "be" modes. Mode "do" is also known as the mode driven. This mode is very goal-oriented and is triggered when the mind develops a discrepancy between how everything versus how the mind wants something to happen. The second main mode of thought is the "medium" mode. "Being" mode, not focusing on the achievement of a particular goal, but an emphasis on "accepting and allowing what is," without direct pressure to change it. The main components of the Barnard and Teasdale ICS are metacognitive awareness. Metacognitive awareness is the ability to experience negative thoughts and feelings as mental events that pass through the mind, not as part of the self. Individuals with high metacognitive awareness are able to avoid depression and negative thinking more easily during stressful life situations, compared to individuals with low metacognitive awareness. Metacognitive awareness is regularly reflected through the individual's ability to break down. Decentering is the ability to understand thoughts and feelings as impermanent and objective events in the mind.
Based on the model of Barnard and Teasdale (1991), mental health is concerned with the individual's ability to break away from one mode or move easily between modes of thought. Therefore, individuals who are able to move flexibly between mind modes based on conditions in the environment are in the most favorable conditions. The ICS model theorizes that "being" mode is the most likely mode of thought that will lead to lasting emotional change. Therefore, for the prevention of relapse in depression, cognitive therapy should promote this mode. This caused Teasdale to create MBCT, which promoted the "be" mode.
This therapy was also created by Zindel Segal and Mark Williams, and partly based on an awareness-based stress reduction program, developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn. The theory behind this awareness-based approach to psychological problems serves the notion that realizing things now, and not focusing on the past or the future, will allow the client to more easily deal with the current stress and miserable feelings with that mindset flexible and acceptable, rather than avoid, and, therefore, extend them.
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The MBCT program is a group intervention that lasts eight weeks. During these eight weeks, there is a weekly course, which lasts for two hours, and one class one day after the fifth week. However, many of the exercises are conducted outside the classroom, where participants use guided meditation and efforts to cultivate awareness in their daily lives.
MBCT prioritizes learning how to pay attention or concentrate with goals, at every moment and most importantly, without judgment. Through awareness, clients can recognize that holding on to some of these feelings is ineffective and mentally destructive. Attention is also thought by Fulton et al. be useful for the therapist as well during the therapy sessions.
MBCT is an intervention program developed to specifically target vulnerability to depression relapse. Throughout the program, patients learn mind management skills that lead to increased metacognitive awareness, acceptance of negative thought patterns and the ability to respond in a skilled way. During MBCT patients learn to unravel their negative thoughts and feelings, allowing the mind to move from an automatic mindset to a conscious emotional process. MBCT can be used as an alternative to antidepressant maintenance, although it may not be more effective.
Although MBCT's primary goal is to prevent relapse in symptoms of depression, doctors have formulated ways in which MBCT can be used to treat physical symptoms of other diseases such as diabetes, cancer, etc. Doctors also found a way to use MBCT to treat the anxiety and fatigue associated with these diseases.
Evaluation of effectiveness
Although MBCT may be used as an alternative or adjunctive therapy for depression, research shows that it is most effective with individuals who have a history of at least three or more episodes of depression in the past. In that population, participants with life events triggering episodes of depression receive at least MBCT. A meta-analysis 2016 found MBCT effective to prevent the recurrence of episodes of depression among those who have experienced three or more episodes of the Great Depression of Depression. According to a 2017 meta-analysis, conscious-based intervention supports the reduction of symptoms of depression and anxiety in addition to the overall stress level of the patient.
Research supports that MBCT produces increased self-reported attention that shows current awareness raising, decentering, and acceptance, as well as the decline in cognitive maladaptive processes such as judgment, reactivity, contemplation, and mind suppression. The results of the 2017 meta-analysis highlight the importance of home practice and its relationship to results conducive to awareness-based interventions.
See also
- Meditation
- The nervous system of consciousness meditation
References
Further reading
- Cognitive-based cognition for depression: a new approach to preventing recurrence , by Zindel V. Segal, J. Mark G. Williams, John D. Teasdale. Guilford Press, 2002. ISBNÃ, 1-57230-706-4.
- Caution: Discovering Peace in a Great World by Professor Mark Williams & amp; Dr Danny Penman "Rodale Books US (October 25, 2011) Piatkus UK (May 5, 2011)
- Awareness-based care approach: clinical guidance to evidence base and application , by Ruth A. Baer. Academic Press, 2006. ISBNÃ, 0-12-088519-0.
- Cognitive Therapy-Based Attention for anxious Kids: A Guide to Treating Children's Anxiety , by Randye Semple, Jennifer Lee. New Harbinger Pubns Inc., 2010. ISBNÃ, 1-57224-719-3.
- Mindfulness Exercise in Traumatic Stress Treatment , US Department of Veterans Affairs.
- id = Mindfulnet.org Resources of independent concerns Information on MBCT, Research, applications, and MBSR resources
External links
- Your Guide to Cognitive-Based Therapy, MBCT.com
- Cognitive Therapy Based on Attention
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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