Mental health is the level of psychological well-being, or the absence of mental illness. This is "a person's psychological condition that functions at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment." From the perspective of positive psychology or holism, mental health can include the ability of individuals to enjoy life, and create a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health includes "subjective wellbeing, self-efficacy perceptions, autonomy, competence, interdependence, and self-actualization of one's intellectual and emotional potential, among others." The WHO further states that the well-being of individuals is included in the realization of their abilities, overcoming normal pressures of life, productive work and contributions to their communities. Cultural differences, subjective judgments, and competing professional theories all affect how "mental health" is defined.
Video Mental health
Mental health and mental illness
According to the British general surgeon (1999), mental health is the success of mental function performance, produces productive activities, fills relationships with others, and provides the ability to adapt to change and overcome adversity. The term mental illness refers collectively to all diagnosed mental disorders - health conditions characterized by changes in thoughts, moods, or behaviors associated with distress or impaired function.
Someone who struggles with their mental health can experience this because of stress, loneliness, depression, anxiety, relationship problems, the death of a loved one, suicidal thoughts, sadness, addiction, ADHD, various mood disorders, or other mental illnesses of varying degrees, as well as learning disabilities. Therapists, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurse practitioners or doctors can help manage mental illness with treatments such as therapy, counseling, or treatment.
Maps Mental health
History
In the mid-19th century, William Sweetser was the first to voice the term "mental hygiene", which can be seen as a forerunner of a contemporary approach to work in promoting positive mental health. Isaac Ray, one of the founders and the fourth president of the American Psychiatric Association, defines mental hygiene as "the art of preserving the mind against all incidents and influences calculated to degrade its quality, destroy its energy, or disrupt its movement."
Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) was an important figure in the development of the "mental hygiene" movement. Dix is ​​a school teacher who tries his whole life to help people with mental disorders, and to illuminate the deplorable conditions in which they are placed. This is known as the "mental hygiene movement". Before this movement, not infrequently people affected by mental illness in the 19th century would be greatly neglected, often left alone in sad conditions, barely even having enough clothes. Dix's efforts are so great that there is an increasing number of patients in mental health facilities, which unfortunately result in these patients getting less attention and care, because these institutions are very deficient.
Emil Kraepelin in 1896 developed a taxonomy of mental disorders that had dominated the field for nearly 80 years. Then the proposed disease model of abnormality becomes the target of analysis and considered normality to be relative to the physical, geographic and cultural aspects of the decisive group.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Clifford Beers founded the American Mental Health - National Committee for Hygiene after the publication of his report from the experience of living in a mental hospital "Mind who found himself" in 1908 and opened the first outpatient mental health clinic in the United States.
Mental hygiene movements, associated with social hygiene movements, were once associated with eugenics advocacy and their sterilization that was considered too mentally deficient to be helped into productive work and a satisfied family life. In the post-World War II years, references to mental hygiene were gradually replaced by the term 'mental health' because of the positive aspects that evolved from disease care to preventive and promotive care areas.
Marie Jahoda explains the six main and basic categories that can be used to categorize mentally healthy individuals: positive attitudes toward self, personal growth, integration, autonomy, real perception of reality, and environmental mastery, including adaptability and healthy interpersonal relationships.
Significance
Mental illness is more common than cancer, diabetes, or heart disease. More than 26 percent of Americans over the age of 18 meet the criteria for mental illness. The WHO report estimates the global cost of mental illness of nearly $ 2.5 trillion (two thirds of the indirect cost) in 2010, with an increase projected to be over $ 6 trillion by 2030.
Evidence from the World Health Organization shows that nearly half of the world's population is affected by mental illness with an impact on their self-esteem, relationships and the ability to function in everyday life. One's emotional health can also affect physical health and poor mental health can cause problems such as substance abuse.
Maintaining good mental health is essential to live a long and healthy life. Good mental health can improve a person's life, while poor mental health can prevent a person from living an enriching life. According to Richards, Campania, & amp; Muse-Burke, "There is growing evidence showing emotional ability associated with prosocial behaviors such as stress management and physical health." Their research also concluded that people who lack emotional expression tend to anti-social behavior (eg, drug and alcohol abuse, physical fights, vandalism), which is a direct reflection of their mental health and emotional suppression. Adults and children with mental illness may experience social stigma, which can exacerbate the problem.
Perspective
Mental well-being
Mental health can be seen as an unstable continuum, in which the individual's mental health may have many different possible values. Mental health is generally seen as a positive attribute, even if the person does not have a mental health condition diagnosed. This mental health definition highlights the emotional well-being, the capacity to live a full and creative life, and the flexibility to face the inevitable challenge of life. Some discussions are formulated in the form of satisfaction or happiness. Many therapeutic systems and self-help books offer methods and philosophies that support strategies and techniques that are considered effective for improving mental health further. Positive psychology is increasingly prominent in mental health.
A holistic mental health model generally includes concepts based on anthropological, educational, psychological, religious and sociological perspectives, as well as the theoretical perspectives of personality, social, clinical, health and developmental psychology.
The tripartite model of mental welfare views mental well-being as encompassing the three components of emotional well-being, social welfare, and psychological well-being. Emotional wellbeing is defined as having a high degree of positive emotion, while social and psychological well-being is defined as the presence of psychological and social skills and abilities that contribute to optimal functioning in everyday life. This model has received cross-cultural empirical support. The Continuum-Short Form of Mental Health (MHC-SF) is the most widely used scale for measuring tripartite mental well-being models.
Children and young adults
Mental health and stability are very important factors in the daily life of a person. Social skills, behavioral skills, and a person's way of thinking are just some of the things the human brain develops at an early age. Learning how to interact with others and how to focus on a particular subject is an important lesson to learn from when we can talk until when we are so old that we can barely walk. However, there are some people out there who have difficulty with these skills and behave like ordinary people. This is most likely the cause of mental illness. Mental illness is a variety of conditions that affect one's mood, mind, and behavior. About 26% of people in the United States, age 18 and older, have been diagnosed with some type of mental disorder. However, not much is said about children with mental illness though there are many who will develop it, even as early as the age of three.
The most common mental illnesses in children include, but are not limited to, ADHD, autism and anxiety disorders, as well as depression in older children and adolescents. Having a mental illness at a younger age is much different than having an age in your thirties. The child's brain is still developing and will continue to grow until about the age of twenty-five. When mental illness is thrown into the mix, it becomes much more difficult for a child to acquire the necessary skills and habits that people use throughout the day. For example, behavioral skills do not develop as fast as motor skills or sensory. So when a child has an anxiety disorder, they begin to lack proper social interaction and associate many common things with intense fear. This can be frightening to children because they do not have to understand why they act and think like they do. Many researchers say that parents should keep an eye on their child if they have reason to believe that there is something little. If children are evaluated early, they become more familiar with their disorder and treat it as part of their daily routine. This is contrary to adults who may not recover quickly because it is more difficult for them to adapt.
Mental illness not only affects the person himself, but the people around them. Friends and family also play an important role in the stability and mental health care of children. If the child is young, the parents are the ones who evaluate their child and decide whether they need help or not. Friends are a support system for children and families as a whole. Living with a mental disorder is never easy, so it's always important to get people around to make the days a little easier. However, there are negative factors that come with the social aspects of mental illness as well. Parents are sometimes responsible for their own child's illness. People also say that parents raise their children in a certain way or they gain their behavior from them. Family and friends are sometimes very ashamed of the idea of ​​being close to someone with an annoyance that makes the child feel isolated and thinks that they should hide their illness from others. When in reality, hiding it from people prevents children from getting the right amount of social interaction and treatment in order to thrive in today's society.
Stigma is also a well-known factor in mental illness. Stigma is defined as "a sign of disgrace associated with a particular state, quality, or person." Stigma is used primarily when it comes to mental disability. People have the assumption that anyone with a mental problem, no matter how light or heavy, is automatically considered harmful or a villain. Thanks to the media, this idea has been planted in our brains from a young age. Watching movies about teenagers with depression or children with autism makes us think that everyone has mental illness like the one on TV. In fact, the media displays a mostly exaggerated version of the disease. Unfortunately, not many people know it, so they continue to underestimate those who are having trouble. In a recent study, the majority of young people associate mental illness with extreme sadness or violence. Now that children become more open to technology and the media itself, future generations will continue to pair mental illness with negative thoughts. The media should make it clear that many people with disorders like ADHD and anxiety, with the right treatment, can live a normal life and should not be punished for something they can not help.
Sueki , (2013) conducted a study entitled " The influence of internet use associated with suicide on the user's mental health: Longitudinal studies" . This study investigates the effects of internet use associated with suicide on users' suicidal thoughts, the tendency to depression and anxiety and loneliness. The study consisted of 850 internet users; data were obtained by questionnaire among participants. The study found that tracing suicide-linked websites, and methods used for suicide, had a negative effect on suicidal thoughts and increased the propensity of depression and anxiety. This study concludes that the use of internet-related suicide adversely affects the mental health of certain age groups may be wise to reduce or control their exposure to this website. These findings of course show that the internet can indeed have a very negative impact on our mental health.
Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz compares that 50 years ago children were categorized as good or bad, and today "all children are good, but some are mentally healthy and others are mentally ill". Social control and the creation of forced identities are the cause of many mental health problems among children today. Bad behavior or behavior may not be a disease but their free will exercise and the immediacy of the present in the administration of the drug for any problem along with the overwhelming mastery of the law and regard the child's status as dependence shake their private self and attack their internal growth.
Prevention
Mental health is conventionally defined as a hybrid of the absence of mental disorders and welfare. Focus increases to prevent mental disorders. Prevention began to emerge in the mental health strategy, including the 2004 WHO report " Prevention of Mental Disorders ", the EU 2008 Mental Health Treaty "and the US National Prevention Strategy 2011. Some commentators have argued that a pragmatic and practical approach to prevention of disorders mentally in the workplace will treat it in the same way as the prevention of physical injury.
Prevention of disruption at a young age can significantly reduce the likelihood that a child will suffer future distractions, and will be the most efficient and effective step from a public health perspective. Prevention may require regular consultation of a doctor at least twice a year to detect signs that reveal any mental health problems.
Cultural and religious considerations
Mental health is a socially constructed and socially defined concept; that is, different societies, groups, cultures, institutions, and professions have very different ways of conceptualizing their nature and causes, determining what is mentally healthy, and deciding on what, if any, intervention is appropriate. Thus, different professionals will have different cultural, class, political and religious backgrounds, which will impact on the methodology applied during the treatment.
Studies have shown that there is a stigma attached to mental illness. In the UK, the Royal College of Psychiatrist organized the Changing Minds (1998-2003) campaign to help reduce stigma. Because of this stigma, the response to a positive diagnosis may be a rejection view.
Many mental health experts have started, or already understand, the importance of competence in religious diversity and spirituality. The American Psychological Association explicitly states that religion should be respected. Education in spiritual and religious matters is also required by the American Psychiatric Association.
Emotional enhancement
Unemployment has been shown to have a negative impact on one's emotional well-being, self-esteem and mental health more broadly. Increased unemployment has been shown to have a significant impact on mental health, especially depressive disorders. This is an important consideration when reviewing the triggers of mental health disorders in any population survey. To improve your emotional mental health, the root of the problem must be solved. "Prevention emphasizes the avoidance of risk factors, the promotion aims to enhance the ability of individuals to achieve a positive sense of self-esteem, mastery, welfare, and social inclusion." It's important to improve your emotional mental health by surrounding yourself with positive relationships. We as humans, eat from friendship and interaction with others. Another way to improve your emotional mental health is to participate in activities that allow you to relax and spend some time for yourself. Yoga is a great example of activity that calms your whole body and nerves. According to a study of welfare by Richards, Campania and Muse-Burke, "attention is considered to be a purposeful condition, perhaps that those who practice it believe in the importance and value of being conscious, self-respecting." care activities may affect deliberate consciousness components. "
Navigation of mental health care helps guide patients and families through the fragmented and often confusing mental health industry. The care navigator works closely with patients and families through discussions and collaborations to provide information on best therapies and referrals to practitioners and facilities specializing in specific forms of emotional upgrading. The difference between treatment and care navigation is that the navigation process of care provides information and directs the patient to therapy rather than providing therapy. However, care navigators can offer diagnosis and treatment planning. Although many navigator treatments are also trained therapists and doctors. Navigation of care is the relationship between patients and therapy below. The clear recognition that mental health requires medical intervention is indicated in the study by Kessler et al. prevalence and treatment of mental disorders 1990-2003 in the United States. Although the prevalence of mental health disorders remained unchanged during this period, the number of patients seeking treatment for mental disorders increased threefold.
Emotional issues
Emotional mental disorder is the leading cause of disability worldwide. The investigation of the extent and severity of untreated emotional mental disorders worldwide is a top priority of the World Mental Health survey initiative (WMH), created in 1998 by the World Health Organization (WHO). "Neuropsychiatric disorders are the leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for 37% of all years of healthy life lost due to illness.This disorder is most damaging to low- and middle-income countries because of their inability to provide their citizens with the right help. treatment and rehabilitation for emotional mental health disorders, "even economically benefiting people have competitive priorities and budgetary constraints".
The Global Mental Health survey initiative has suggested a plan for countries to redesign their mental health care systems to allocate resources to the best of their ability. "The first step is to document the services used and the level and nature of unmet needs for treatment.The second step is to compare the use of worldwide services and unmet needs in countries with different mental health care systems that can help to uncover optimal financing, national policies, and delivery systems for mental health care. "
Knowledge of how to provide effective emotional mental health care has become imperative all over the world. Unfortunately, most countries have insufficient data to guide decisions, no or competing vision for resources, and near constant pressure to cut insurance and rights. WMH surveys are conducted in Africa (Nigeria, South Africa), America (Colombia, Mexico, United States), Asia and the Pacific (Japan, New Zealand, Beijing and Shanghai in the People's Republic of China), Europe (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Ukraine), and the Middle East (Israel, Lebanon). Countries are classified by World Bank criteria as low-income (Nigeria), lower-middle-income (China, Colombia, South Africa, Ukraine), higher middle-income (Lebanon, Mexico), and high-income earners.
Coordinated surveys on emotional mental health disorders, their severity, and care were carried out in those countries. The survey assessed the frequency, type, and adequacy of mental health services in 17 countries where the WMH survey was completed. WMH also examines unmet needs for treatment in strata determined by the seriousness of mental disorders. Their research shows that "the number of respondents who use 12-month mental health services is generally lower in developing than in developed countries, and the proportion receiving services tends to match the percentage of countries of gross domestic product spent on health care". "The high level of unmet needs around the world is not surprising, as the ATLAS WHO Project's findings on mental health expenditures are much lower than those suggested by the burden of mental illness In general, unmet needs in low- and middle-income countries may because these countries spend less (usually 1%) of reduced health spending on mental health care, and they are heavily dependent on out-of-pocket spending by people who are not ready for it.
Treatment
Older Care Method
Trepanation
Archaeological records have shown that trepanation is a procedure used to treat "headaches, insanity or epilepsy" in some parts of the world in the Stone Age. It was a surgical process used in the Stone Age. Paul Broca learned trepanation and came up with his own theory about it. He noticed that the skull fractures that were excavated were not caused by injuries caused by violence, but because of careful surgical procedures. "Doctors use sharp stones to scrape the skull and drill a hole into the patient's head" to allow the evil spirits that plague the patient to escape. There are some patients who die in this procedure, but those who survive are revered and believed to have "the nature of the mystical order". [1] [2]
Lobotomy
Lobotomy was used in the 20th century as a general practice of alternative medicine for mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and depression. The first modern leucotomy meant for the purpose of treating mental illness occurred in 1935 by a Portuguese neurologist Antonio Egas Moniz. He received the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1949. [3]. The belief that mental health illnesses can be treated by surgery comes from Swiss neurologist Gottlieb Burckhardt. After experimenting on six patients with schizophrenia, he claimed that half of his patients were either healed or calmed down. Psychiatrist Walter Freeman believes that "emotional overload causes mental illness and" that cuts off certain nerves in the brain can relieve excessive emotion and stabilize personality, "according to National Public Radio article [4].
Exorcisms
"Exorcism is a religious or spiritual practice of casting out demons or other spiritual entities of a person, or an area, which is believed to have been possessed."
Mental health illnesses such as Huntington's Disease (HD), Tourette syndrome and schizophrenia are believed to be a mark of ownership by Satan. This causes some mentally ill patients to be the target of exorcism. This practice has existed for a long time, though it continued to decline until it reached its lowest point in the 18th century. This rarely happens until the 20th century when the number increases due to the media's attention to exorcism. Different belief systems practice exorcism in different ways.
Modern Treatment Method
Pharmacotherapy
Pharmacotherapy is a therapy that uses pharmaceutical drugs. Pharmacotherapy is used in the treatment of mental illness through the use of antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and the use of elements such as lithium.
Physical Activity
Physical activity is a great way to help improve your mental health as well as your physical health. Playing sports and doing any kind of physical activity can trigger endorphin production. Endorphins are a natural mood enhancer.
Activity therapy
Activity therapy, also called recreational therapy and occupational therapy, improves healing through active involvement. Making crafts can be a part of occupational therapy. Walking can be part of recreational therapy. In recent years, staining has been recognized as an activity that has been shown to significantly lower the rates of depressive symptoms and anxiety in many studies.
Expressive therapy
Expressive therapy is a form of psychotherapy involving art or art. These therapies include music therapy, art therapy, dance therapy, drama therapy, and poetry therapy. It has been proven that music therapy is an effective way to help people suffering from mental health disorders.
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is a general term for the scientific-based treatment of mental health problems based on modern medicine. These include a number of schools, such as gestalt therapy, psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioral therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy. Group therapy involves all kinds of therapies that occur in settings that involve multiple people. These can include psychodynamic groups, activity groups for expressive therapy, support groups (including the Twelve step program), problem-solving and psycho-education groups.
Meditation
The practice of mindfulness meditation has several mental health benefits, such as reducing depression, anxiety and stress. Mindfulness meditation may also be effective in treating substance use disorders. Furthermore, mindfulness meditation seems to bring profound structural changes in the brain.
The Heartfulness meditation program has been shown to show a significant improvement in the state of mind of health care professionals. A study published in the US National Library of Medicine shows that professionals from these different levels of stress can improve their condition after this meditation program is conducted. They benefit in aspects of fatigue and emotional health.
People with anxiety disorders participate in stress reduction programs conducted by researchers from the Mental Health Service Line at Veterans W.G Medical Center. Hefner in Salisbury, North Carolina. Participants practice mindfulness meditation. After the study was completed, it was concluded that "the awareness meditation training program can effectively reduce the symptoms of anxiety and panic and may help maintain this reduction in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, or panic disorder with agoraphobia."
Spiritual counseling
Spiritual counselors meet with people in need to offer comfort and support and to help them gain a better understanding of their problems and develop problem-solving relationships with spirituality. This type of counselor provides care based on spiritual, psychological, and theological principles.
Social work in mental health
Social work in mental health, also called psychiatric social work, is a process in which an individual in an arrangement is helped to achieve freedom from overlapping internal and external problems (social and economic situation, family and other relationships, physical and organizational environment, psychiatric symptoms , etc.). It aims for harmony, quality of life, self-actualization and personal adaptation in all systems. Psychiatric social workers are mental health professionals who can help patients and their family members in overcoming mental health problems and various economic or social problems caused by mental illness or psychiatric dysfunction and to improve mental health and wellbeing. They are important members of the care team in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the hospital. They are employed in outpatient and in-patient care in hospitals, nursing homes, state and local governments, substance abuse clinics, correctional facilities, health care services... etc.
In psychiatric social work there are three distinct groups. One consists of social workers in psychiatric organizations and hospitals. The second group consists of members interested in mental hygiene education and holds designations that involve functions in various mental health services and a third group consists of people who are directly involved with the treatment and recovery process.
In the United States, social workers provide the majority of mental health services. According to government sources, 60 percent of mental health professionals are clinically trained social workers, 10 percent are psychiatrists, 23 percent are psychologists, and 5 percent are psychiatric nurses.
Mental health social workers in Japan have professional knowledge about health and welfare and skills essential to one's well-being. Their social work training enables them as professionals to carry out Consultation assistance for their mental disabilities and social reintegration; Consultation on the rehabilitation of victims; Advice and guidance for post-return home and return to work after hospitalization, for major life events in daily life, money and self-management and in other relevant matters to equip them to adapt in everyday life. Social workers provide individual home visits for mental illness and perform welfare services available, with specialized training of various procedural services coordinated for home, workplace and school. In administrative relationships, psychiatric social workers provide consultation, leadership, conflict management, and direction of work. Psychiatric social workers who provide psychosocial assessment and intervention function as doctors, counselors, and municipal staff from health centers.
Roles and functions
Social workers play many roles in mental health settings, including case managers, advocates, administrators, and therapists. The main function of psychiatric social workers is promotion and prevention, care, and rehabilitation. Social workers can also practice:
- Counseling and psychotherapy
- Case management and support services
- Crisis intervention
- Psychic Education
- Psychiatric rehabilitation and restoration
- Maintain coordination and monitoring
- Program management/administration
- Programs, policies, and resource development
- Research and evaluation
Psychiatric social workers perform patient psychosocial assessments and work to improve patient and family communications with members of the medical team and ensure inter-professional friendliness within the team to secure patients with the best care and become active partners in their care planning. Depending on the needs, social workers are often involved in disease education, counseling and psychotherapy. In all areas, they are very important in the care process to facilitate a thorough transition back to the family and community.
History
United States
During the 1840s, Dorothea Lynde Dix, a retired Boston teacher who was considered the founder of the Mental Health Movement, initiated a crusade that would change the way people with mental disorders were seen and treated. Dix is ​​not a social worker; this profession was not established until after his death in 1887. However, his life and work were embraced by early psychiatric social workers, and he was regarded as one of the pioneers of psychiatric social work with Elizabeth Horton, who in 1907 was the first psychiatrist of social workers in hospital systems New York, and others. The early twentieth century was a period of progressive change in attitudes toward mental illness. The Community Mental Health Centers Act was passed in 1963. This policy encourages the deinstitutionalization of people with mental illness. Then, the mental health consumer movement came in the 1980s. A consumer is defined as a person who has received or is currently receiving services for psychiatric conditions. People with mental disorders and their families become advocates for better care. Building public understanding and awareness through consumer advocacy helps bring mental illness and its treatment into mainstream medicine and social services. In 2000 the focus was on the Managed Care movement aimed at a health care delivery system to eliminate unnecessary and inappropriate care to reduce costs & amp; The recovery movement which in principle recognizes that many people with serious mental illness spontaneously recover and others recover and improve with proper care.
The role of social workers affected the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the War in Afghanistan (2001-14) of social workers working outside the NATO hospital in Afghanistan and the Iraqi base. They make visits to provide counseling services at the front operating base. Twenty-two percent of clients were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, 17 percent with depression, and 7 percent with alcohol abuse. In 2009, high suicide rates were achieved among active soldiers on duty: 160 confirmed or allegedly suicidal Army. In 2008, the Marine Corps had 52 cases of suicide. The pressure of long and repeated deployments into war zones, the dangerous and confusing nature of both wars, the turbulent public support for war, and the diminution of troop morale all contribute to the rise of mental health problems. Military and civilian social workers are the main service providers in the veterans' health care system.
Mental health services, is a loose service network ranging from highly structured psychiatric units to informal support groups, where psychiatric social workers indulge in various approaches in various settings along with other paraprofessional workers.
Canada
The role of psychiatric social workers was established early in the history of Canadian delivery services in the field of population health. North American natives understand mental problems as an indication of an individual who has lost their balance with a sense of place and ownership in general, and with the other group members in particular. In the original healing beliefs, health and mental health can not be separated, the same combination of natural and spiritual treatment is often used to remove the mental and physical illnesses. These communities and families deeply appreciate the holistic approach to preventive health care. Indigenous peoples in Canada have faced cultural oppression and social marginalization through the actions of European colonizers and their institutions since the initial period of contact. Cultural contact brings many forms of destruction. The economic, political and religious institutions of European settlers all contribute to the displacement and repression of indigenous peoples. The officially registered care practice began in 1714, when Quebec opened the ward for mental illness. In the 1830s, active social services through charitable organizations and church parishes (Social Gospel Movement). Asylum for crazy people opened in 1835 in Saint John and New Brunswick. In 1841 in Toronto, when treatment for mental illness became institutionalized. Canada became the territory of autonomous government in 1867, maintaining its relationship with the British crown. During this period, the age of industrial capitalism began, leading to social and economic dislocations in various forms. With 1887 mental hospitals converted into hospitals and nurses and maids were hired for mental illness treatment. The first social work training started at the University of Toronto in 1914. In 1918 Clarence Hincks & Clifford Beers founded the Canadian National Committee for Mental Health, which later became the Canadian Mental Health Association. In the year 1930. Clarence Hincks promotes the prevention and treatment of people with mental illness before they can not afford/early detection. World War II greatly affects attitudes toward mental health. A medical examination of recruitment revealed that thousands of seemingly healthy adults suffer from mental difficulties. This knowledge alters public attitudes toward mental health, and encourages research into preventative measures and treatment methods. In 1951 Mental Health Week was introduced in Canada. For the first half of the twentieth century, the period of deinstitutionalisation began in the late 1960s psychiatric social work succeed the current emphasis on community-based care, psychiatric social work that focuses on external aspects of the medical model in the diagnosis of individuals to identify and address social problems. injustice and structural problems. In the 1980s, the Mental Health Act was amended to give consumers the right to choose treatment alternatives. Then the focus shifts to the labor of mental and environmental health problems.
India
The initial quote of Mental disorder in India comes from the Vedic Era (2000 BC - AD 600). Charaka Samhita, an ayurveda textbook believed to date from 400-200 BC describes various factors of mental stability. It also has instructions on how to set up a maintenance delivery system. In the same era In southern India Siddha is a medical system, agastya agung, one of 18 siddhas that contribute to the treatment system including Agastiyar Kirigai Nool, a summary of psychiatric disorders and recommended treatment. At Atharva Veda there are also descriptions and resolutions about mental health suffering. In the Mughal period, Unani's medical system was introduced by an Indian physician, Unhammad in 1222. Then the form of psychotherapy that came to be known as ilaj-i-nafsani in Unani medicine.
The 18th century was a very unstable period in Indian history, which contributed to psychological and social chaos in the Indian subcontinent. In 1745 a psychiatric hospital was developed in Bombay (Mumbai) followed by Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1784, and Madras (Chennai) in 1794. The need to build hospitals became more acute, first to care for and manage the British and Indian 'sons' (military men) employed by the British East India Company. The First Lunacy Act (also called Act No. 36) which came into force in 1858 was later modified by a committee appointed in Bengal in 1888. Later, the Indian Lunacy Act, 1912 was brought under this law. The rehabilitation program began between the 1870s and the 1890s for people with mental illness at Mysore Lunatic Hospital, and then an occupational therapy department was established during this period in almost every mental hospital. The program at the hospital is called 'occupational therapy'. In this program, people with mental illness are involved in agriculture for all activities. This program is considered the seed of origin of psychosocial rehabilitation in India.
Berkeley-Hill, the inspector of the European Hospital (now known as the Center for the Institute of Psychiatry (CIP), was founded in 1918), was deeply concerned by the improvement of the mental hospital of the time. Berkeley-Hill's ongoing effort helped to improve standards of care and care and he also persuaded the government to change the term 'asylum' to 'hospitals' in 1920. Techniques similar to today's token economy first began in 1920 and were called by the name' chart of habit formation 'at CIP, Ranchi. In 1937, the first post of psychiatric social worker was created at a children's guidance clinic run by the Dhorabji School of Social Work Order (founded in 1936), It is considered the first documented evidence of social work practice in the field of mental health in India.
After Independence in 1947, the general hospital psychiatry unit (GHPU) was established to improve conditions in existing hospitals, while at the same time encouraging outpatient care through these units. In Amritsar a Dr. Vidyasagar, instituted the family's active involvement in the care of people with mental illness. This is an advanced practice of his time regarding care and care. This methodology has a greater impact on social work practices in the mental health field, especially in reducing stigmatization. In 1948, Gauri Rani Banerjee, trained in the United States, embarked on a master's course in medical social work and psychiatry at the Dhorabji School of Social Working System (Now TISS). Then the first trained psychiatric social worker was appointed in 1949 in the adult psychiatric unit of Yervada psychiatric hospital, Pune.
In various parts of the country, in the settings of mental health services, social workers were employed - in 1956 at the psychiatric hospital in Amritsar, in 1958 at the childcare clinic of the nursing college, and in Delhi in 1960 at All India. Institute of Medical Sciences and in 1962 at Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital. In 1960, Madras Mental Hospital (Now the Mental Health Institute), employed social workers to bridge the gap between doctors and patients. In 1961, a social work post was created at NIMHANS. In this setting they take care of the psychosocial aspects of care. This has a greater long-term impact of social work practice in mental health.
In 1966 by the recommendation of the Mental Health Advisory Committee, the Ministry of Health, Government of India, NIMHANS started the Department of Psychiatric Social Work started and the two-year Postgraduate Diploma in Psychiatric Social Work was introduced in 1968. In 1978, the nomenclature of the course was changed to MPhil in Social Work Psychiatry. Furthermore, the PhD Program was introduced. With the recommendation of the Mudaliar committee in 1962, the Diploma in Social Work of Psychiatry began in 1970 at the European Mental Hospital in Ranchi (now CIP), improved the program and added the next higher training course.
A new initiative to integrate mental health with public health services began in 1975 in India. The Ministry of Health, Government of India formulated the National Mental Health Program (NMHP) and launched it in 1982. The same was reviewed in 1995 and based on that, the District Mental Health Program (DMHP) was launched in 1996 and strives to integrate mental health care with care public health. This model has been implemented in all states and currently there are 125 DMHP sites in India.
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in 1998 and 2008 conducted a systematic, intensive and critical examination of psychiatric hospitals in India. This has resulted in the recognition of the human rights of people with mental illness by NHRC. From the NHRC report as part of the NMHP, funds are provided to improve the mental hospital facilities. This was studied to produce positive changes over the past 10 years compared to the previous five decades by the NHRC and NIMHANS reports of 2008. In 2016, the Mental Health Mental Bill was passed which ensures and legally provides access to care with insurance coverage, maintains the dignity of the afflicted , improving access to law and health care and allowing free treatment. In December 2016, Disabilities Act 1995 was repealed with the Disability Rights Act (RPWD), 2016 of the 2014 Bill which ensures benefits for a wider population of disabilities. The bill prior to becoming a law is encouraged to amend its stakeholders especially to the alarming clauses in the "Equality and Non-discrimination" section that diminish the power of action and allow companies to ignore or discriminate against persons with disabilities and counter the lack of direction general. which requires to ensure proper implementation of the Act.
The lack of a single universally accepted licensing authority compared to foreign countries puts Social Workers in general in jeopardy. But the bodies/councils automatically receive a Qualified Social Worker of the university as a licensed professional to practice or as a qualified physician. The lack of centralized councils in relation to the School of Social Work also makes a decrease in promotion for the scope of social workers as mental health professionals. Although in the midst of this Social Worker service has provided a facelift from the mental health sector in the country with other allied professionals.
Prevalence and program
Evidence shows that 450 million people worldwide are affected by mental health, major depression ranks fourth among the top 10 leading causes of illness worldwide. In 20 years, mental illness is predicted to be a major cause of disease worldwide. Women are more likely to have mental illness than men. One million people commit suicide each year and 10 to 20 million try it.
Australia
A survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2008 on adults with severe-handled neurosis revealed nearly half the population had mental impairment at some point in their lives and one in five suffered a sustained upset in the previous 12 months. In neurotic disorders, 14% of the population suffers from anxiety disorders, comorbid disorders are the next common mental disorder with susceptibility to substance abuse and relapse. There are different gender differences in dispositions for mental health illness. Women are found to have a high level of mental health disorder and Men have a higher risk tendency to substance abuse. The SMHWB survey shows low socioeconomic status and a high dysfunctional pattern in the family is proportional to the greater risk for mental health disorders. A 2010 survey of adults with psychosis revealed 5 people per 1000 in the population seeking professional mental health services for the most common psychotic disorders and psychotic disorders is schizophrenia.
Canada
According to statistics released by the Center for Addiction and Mental Health one in five people in Ontario have mental health problems or addiction. Young people aged 15 to 25 are very vulnerable. Severe depression was found to affect 8% and anxiety disorders 12% of the population. Women are 1.5 times more likely to suffer from mood and anxiety disorders. WHO shows that there are different gender differences in mental health patterns and illnesses. Lack of power and control over their socioeconomic status, gender based violence; low social position and responsibility for the care of others make women vulnerable to mental health risks. As more women than men seek help on mental health issues, this has led not only to gender stereotypes but also to social stigma. WHO has found that this stereotype has made doctors diagnose depression more often in women than in men even when they display identical symptoms. Often communication between health care providers and women is authoritarian which leads to under-treatment or over-treatment of these women.
Organization
Women's College Hospital is specifically dedicated to women's health in Canada. The hospital is located in downtown Toronto where there are several locations available for certain medical conditions. WCH is an organization that helps educate women about mental illness because it specializes with women and mental health. This organization helps women who have symptoms of mental illness such as depression, anxiety, menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause. They also focus on psychological issues, harassment, neglect and mental health problems of various drugs.
The countless aspect of this organization is that WCH is open to women of all ages, including pregnant women who experience poor mental health. WCH not only provides care for good mental health, but they also have a program called "Women's Mental Health Program" where doctors and nurses help treat and educate women about mental health collaboratively, individually and online by answering questions from the public.
The second organization is the Center for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH). CAMH is one of Canada's largest and most renowned health and addiction facilities, and has received international recognition from the Pan American Health Organization and World Collaborating Center World Health Organization. They practice in doing research in the field of addiction and mental health both in men and women. To help men and women, CAMH provides "clinical care, research, education, policy development and health promotion to help change the lives of people affected by mental health problems and addictions." CAMH is different from the Women's College Hospital because it is a well-known rehabilitation center for women with small addictions, to severe problems. This organization provides care for mental health problems with the assessment, intervention, housing program, care, and support of doctors and families.
United States
According to the World Health Organization in 2004, depression is the leading cause of disability in the United States for individuals aged 15 to 44 years. The absence of employment in the US due to depression is estimated to exceed $ 31 billion per year. Depression often coincides with various medical ailments such as heart disease, cancer, and chronic pain and is associated with poorer health status and prognosis. Every year, about 30,000 Americans take their lives, while hundreds of thousands attempt suicide (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). In 2004, suicide was the 11th leading cause of death in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), third among individuals aged 15-24. Despite the increasing availability of effective depression treatment, the unmet needs level for treatment remains high. In comparison, a study conducted in Australia during 2006 to 2007 reported that one-third (34.9%) of patients diagnosed with mental health disorders had provided medical health services for treatment.
There are many factors that affect mental health including:
- Mental illness, disability and suicide are ultimately the result of a combination of biology, the environment, and access to and utilization of mental health care.
- Public health policy can affect access and utilization, which can then improve mental health and help develop the negative consequences of depression and related disabilities.
Emotional mental illness should be of particular concern in the United States because the US has the highest annual prevalence rate (26 percent) for mental illness among comparisons of 14 developing and developed countries. While about 80 percent of all people in the United States with mental disorders end up receiving some form of treatment, on average people do not access care until nearly a decade after their disease progress, and fewer than a third of people seeking help receive minimal care. The government offers all programs and services, but veterans receive the most help, there are certain eligibility criteria that must be met.
Policy
Mental health policy in the United States has undergone four major reforms: the American asylum movement led by Dorothea Dix in 1843; the "mental hygiene" movement inspired by Clifford Beers in 1908; deinstalizationalization was initiated by Action for Mental Health in 1961; and the public support movement demanded by The CMCH Act Amendments 1975.
In 1843, Dorothea Dix filed a Memorial to the Massachusetts Legislature, describing the harsh treatment and terrible conditions that the mentally ill patients receive in prisons, cages, and almshouses. He reveals in the Warning: "I continue, gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the current state of crazy people confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, cupboards, warehouses, kiosks, pens tied, naked, beaten with sticks , and whipped obedience.... "Many mental hospitals were built during that period, with a high fence or wall separating patients from other members of the community and strict rules regarding the entrance and exit. In the psychiatric hospital, traditional treatments are well done: drugs are not used as a cure for disease, but a way to reset the balance in a person's body, along with other important elements such as a healthy diet, fresh air, middle-class culture, and visits by their neighbors. In 1866, the recommendation came to the State of New York Legislature to establish separate asylum for chronically ill patients. Some hospitals place chronic patients into separate wings or wards, or different buildings.
In Self-Discovered Thoughts (1908) Clifford Whittingham Beers describes the humiliating treatment he received and the sad condition at a mental hospital. One year later, the National Committee for Mental Health (NCMH) was founded by a small group of reform-minded scholars and scientists - including Beer himself - who marked the beginning of the "mental hygiene" movement. This movement emphasizes the importance of child prevention. World War I catalyzes this idea with additional emphasis on the impact of inability to adapt, which convinces hygiene experts that prevention is the only practical approach to dealing with mental health problems. However, prevention is unsuccessful, especially for chronic diseases; the condemned condition in the hospital is even more common, especially under the increasing pressure of the number of chronic diseases and the effects of depression.
In 1961, the Joint Commission on Mental Health published a report called Action for Mental Health, whose goal was to care for community clinics to take the burden of prevention and early intervention of mental illness, therefore to leave room in hospitals for severe and chronic patients. Courts began to decide to support the patient's wishes about whether they should be forced to care. In 1977, 650 community mental health centers were built to cover 43 percent of the population and serve 1.9 million people per year, and the length of care decreased from 6 months to just 23 days. However, the problem still exists. Because of inflation, especially in the 1970s, nursing homes communities received less money to support the care and care provided. Less than half of the planned center was created, and the new method did not completely replace the old approach to carrying out its full capacity in treating power. In addition, the community assistance system is not fully established to support patient housing, employment opportunities, income support, and other benefits. Many patients return to the welfare and criminal justice institutions, and many more become homeless. The deinstitutionalization movement faces major challenges.
After realizing that simply changing the location of mental health care from state hospitals to nursing homes was not enough to apply the idea of ​​deinstitutionalization, the National Mental Health Institute in 1975 created the Community Support Program (CSP) to provide funds for communities to set up a comprehensive mental health service and support to help mentally ill patients integrate successfully in society. The program emphasizes the importance of support other than medical care, including housing, living expenses, employment, transportation, and education; and set new national priorities for people with serious mental disorders. In addition, Congress passed the 1980 Mental Health System Act to prioritize services to the mentally ill and emphasized the extension of services beyond clinical care alone. Then in the 1980s, under the influence of Congress and the Supreme Court, many programs began to help patients regain their benefits. New Medicaid services are also established to serve people who are diagnosed with "chronic mental illness." People who were hospitalized in the interim while also provided assistance and care and pre-release programs were created to allow people to apply for recovery before disposal. Not until 1990, some 35 years after the start of deinstratization, the first state hospital began to close. The number of hospitals dropped from about 300 to over 40 in the 1990s, and finally the Mental Health Report showed the efficacy of mental health care, providing the range of treatments available to patients to choose from.
However, some critics argue that deinitutionalization has, from a mental health standpoint, been a complete failure. Serious mental illness is homeless, or in prison; in both cases (especially the latter), they get little or no mental health care. This failure is attributed to a number of reasons where there is some degree of contention, although there is general agreement that community support programs are ineffective, due to lack of funds.
The 2011 National Prevention Strategy includes mental and emotional well-being, with recommendations including better care and early intervention programs, which increase the likelihood of prevention programs being included in future US mental health policies. NIMH only examines the prevention of suicide and HIV/AIDS, but the National Prevention Strategy can lead to a wider focus on longitudinal prevention studies.
In 2013, United States Representative Tim Murphy introduced Family Assist in Mental Health Crisis Act, HR2646. The bipartisan bill underwent a substantial revision and was reintroduced in 2015 by Murphy and congressman Eddie Bernice Johnson. In November 2015, he passed the Health Subcommittee with 18-12 votes.
See also
- Ethnopsychopharmacology
- Health
- The mental environment
- Reason
- Kewage
- Technology and mental health issues
- World Mental Health Day
Discipline and related specialties
- Homelessness and mental health
- Baby's mental health
- First aid mental health
- Mental health legislation
- The mental health of refugee children
- Self-help group for mental health
- Adolescent health
Mental health in different jobs and areas
- Mental health in the penerbunt
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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