Triazolam (original brand name Halcion ) is a central nervous system depressant (CNS) in the benzodiazepine class. It has pharmacological properties similar to other benzodiazepines, but is generally used only as a sedative to treat severe insomnia. In addition to the nature of hypnosis, the properties of ammonia triazolam, ansiolitik, sedative, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxants are also pronounced. Because of its short half-life, triazolam is not effective for patients who often experience waking or early waking.
Triazolam was originally patented in 1970 and went on sale in the United States in 1982.
Video Triazolam
Medical use
Triazolam is commonly used for the treatment of short-term acute insomnia and sleep disorders of circadian rhythms, including jet lag. This is the ideal benzodiazepine for this use because of its rapid onset and short half-life. This puts a person to sleep for no longer than 1.5 hours (about 1-2 hours), enabling users to avoid sleepiness in the morning. Triazolam is also sometimes used as an adjuvant in medical procedures requiring anesthesia or for reducing anxiety during a brief event such as an MRI scan and a non-surgical dental procedure. Triazolam is not effective in maintaining sleep, because the short half-life with quazepam demonstrates superiority.
Triazolam is often prescribed as a sleep aid for passengers traveling on short-to-medium-range flights. If this use is contemplated, it is very important that users avoid the consumption of alcoholic beverages, and try ground-based "exercise" of drugs to ensure that the side effects and potential of these drugs are understood by the user before using in a relatively more general environment (since shyness can be a side effect which is common, with potentially heavy consequences).
Maps Triazolam
Side effects
Adverse drug reactions associated with triazolam use include:
- General relative (& gt; 1% of patients): drowsiness, dizziness, feeling light, coordination issues.
- Less common (0.9% to 0.5% of patients): euphoria, tachycardia, fatigue, confusion/memory impairment, cramps/pain, depression, visual impairment.
- Rare (& lt; 0.5% of patients): constipation, flavor change, diarrhea, dry mouth, dermatitis/allergies, dreams/nightmares, insomnia, parastesia, tinnitus, dysesthesia, weakness, congestion.
Triazolam, although short-acting benzodiazepines, can cause residual damage the next day, especially the next day. A meta-analysis shows that residual hangover effects after nighttime triazolam such as drowsiness, psychomotor disorders, and reduced cognitive functioning may continue into the next day, which may impair the ability of users to safely drive and increase the risk of falls and fractures hip. Confusion and amnesia have been reported.
Tolerance, Dependency, and Withdrawal
A literature review found that long-term use of benzodiazepines, including triazolam, was associated with drug tolerance, drug dependence, rebound insomnia, and CNS related side effects. It recommends that benzodiazepine hypnotics be used at the lowest possible dose and for a short time. Non-pharmacologic treatment options are found to produce continuous sleep quality improvement. The worsening of insomnia (rebound insomnia) compared with baseline may occur after the cessation of triazolam, even after a one-night dose of short dose therapy.
Other withdrawal symptoms can range from mild unpleasant feelings to major withdrawal syndromes, including abdominal cramps, vomiting, muscle cramps, sweating, tremors, and, in rare cases, seizures.
Contraindications
Benzodiazepines require special precautions when used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, alcoholics, or other drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders. Triazolam is included in the X pregnancy category of the FDA. This means it is known to have the potential to cause birth defects.
Elderly
Triazolam, similar to benzodiazepines and other nonbenzodiazepines, causes impaired body balance and stands upright in individuals who wake up at night or the next morning. Falling and hip fractures are often reported. Combination with alcohol increases this disorder. Partial, but incomplete tolerance develops into this disorder. There may be a daytime withdrawal effect.
An extensive review of the medical literature on insomnia management and parents found that there is sufficient evidence of the effectiveness and durability of non-drug treatments for insomnia in adults of all ages and that this intervention is underutilized. Compared with benzodiazepines including triazolam, nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic sedatives seem to offer some, if any, significant clinical advantages in the efficacy or tolerability of the elderly. It was found that new agents with new mechanisms of action and better safety profiles, such as the melatonin agonist, promise the management of chronic insomnia in the elderly. The long-term use of hypnotics-sedatives for insomnia has no evidence base and is traditionally discouraged for reasons that include concerns about adverse drug effects such as cognitive impairment, anterograde amnesia, daytime sedation, motor incoordination, and an increased risk of motor vehicle accidents. and fall. One study found no evidence of sustained hypnotic success for 9 weeks of treatment for triazolam.
In addition, the effectiveness and safety of long-term use of these agents remains to be determined. It was concluded that further research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of treatment and the most appropriate management strategies for parents with chronic insomnia.
Interactions
Ketoconazole and Itraconazole have a profound effect on the pharmacokinetics of triazolam, which causes a greatly increased effect. Anxiety, tremors and depression have been documented in case reports following the administration of nitrazepam and triazolam. After administration of erythromycin, recurrent hallucinations and abnormal body sensations develop. However, patients experience acute pneumonia and renal failure. Co-administration of benzodiazepine drugs in therapeutic doses with erythromycin can cause serious psychotic symptoms, especially in those with other physical complications. Caffeine reduces the effectiveness of triazolam. Other important interactions include cimetidine, diltiazem, erythromycin, fluconazole, grapefruit juice, isoniazid, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodon, rifampicin, ritonavir, and troleandomycin. Triazolam should not be given to patients at Atripla.
Overdose
Symptoms of overdose include
- Comma
- Hypoventilation (respiratory depression)
- Somnolen (drowsiness)
- Speechless is not clear
- Seizures have been reported.
Death may occur from overdose of triazolam but is more likely to occur in combination with other depressant drugs such as opioids, alcohols, or tricyclic antidepressants.
Pharmacology
The pharmacological effects of triazolam are similar to most other benzodiazepines. Triazolam does not produce active metabolites. Triazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine, lipophilic, and metabolised cautiously through oxidative pathways. The main pharmacological effect of triazolam is an increase in GABA neurotransmitters at GABA receptors A . The half-life of triazolam for only 2 hours makes it a very short benzodiazepine drug. Triazolam has an anticonvulsant effect on brain function.
History
Its use at low doses has been deemed acceptable by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and several other countries.
Society and culture
Use of recreation
Triazolam is a non-medical used drug: recreational use where the drug is taken to achieve high or continuous long-term doses of medical advice.
Legal status
Triazolam is a drug Schedule IV under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances and the US Controlled Substance Act.
Brand Name
Marketed in English-speaking countries under the brand name Apo-Triazo , Halcion , Hypam , and Trilam . Other names (designers) include 2'-chloroxanax, chloroxanax, triclazolam, and chlorotriazolam.
References
External links
- PubPK - Pharmacokinetic Triazolam
- Medlineplus.org - Triazolam
- Rx-List.com - Triazolam
- Inchem.org - Triazolam
- MentalHealth.com - Triazolam
- Halcion Controversy - Newsweek August 19, 1991 - Sweet Dream or Nightmare?
- http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sociology/documents/ssm02.pdf
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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