Traditional Chinese medicine

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Traditional Chinese Medicine ( TCM ; simplified Chinese: ?? ; Traditional Chinese: ?? Zh? Ngy? ) is a traditional medicine style built on the foundation more than 2,500 years of Chinese medical practice covering various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage (tui na), sports (qigong), and diet therapy, but recently also influenced by modern Western medicine. TCM is widely used in Greater China (where it has long been a standard drug system), and is becoming increasingly popular and recognized worldwide (where it is primarily approached as an alternative treatment).

One of the basic principles of TCM is that "the body's vital energy ( ch'i or qi ) circulates through channels, called meridians, has branches which is connected to the organs and bodily functions. "The body and disease concepts used in TCM reflect ancient origins and their emphasis on the dynamic process of material structure, similar to European humoral theory. Scientific investigations have not found histological or physiological evidence for traditional Chinese concepts such as qi, meridians, and acupuncture points. The theory and practice of TCM is not based on scientific knowledge, and there is disagreement among TCM practitioners about what diagnosis and treatment should be used for each patient. The effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine is still poorly researched and documented. There are concerns over a number of potentially toxic crops, animal parts, and Chinese mineral medicines. There are also concerns over illegal trade and the transport of endangered species including rhinoceros and tigers, and the welfare of special livestock including bears. A review of the cost-effectiveness research for TCM found that research has a low level of evidence, but so far no benefit has been demonstrated. Pharmaceutical research has explored the potential for creating new drugs from traditional medicine, with few successful results. The Editorial Nature describes TCM as "full of pseudoscience", and says that the most obvious reason why it does not give a lot of drugs is that most of the treatments do not have a logical working mechanism. Proponents propose that research so far has missed key features of TCM art, such as the unknown interactions between complex materials and complex biological systems.

The doctrine of Chinese medicine is rooted in books such as the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon and Treatise on Cold Damage, as well as in cosmological notions such as yin-yang and five phases. Beginning in the 1950s, these teachings were standardized in the People's Republic of China, including attempts to integrate them with a modern understanding of anatomy and pathology. In the 1950s, the Chinese government promoted the systematic form of TCM.

While health is regarded as a harmonious interaction of these entities and the outside world, the disease is interpreted as disharmony in interaction. The TCM diagnosis aims to trace symptoms to the underlying pattern of disharmony, by measuring the pulse rate, examining the tongue, skin, and eyes, and seeing the person's eating and sleeping habits and many other things.

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Histori

The traces of therapeutic activities in China come from the Shang Dynasty (14th-11th century BC). Although Shang does not have a different "drug" concept from other fields, their oracular inscriptions about turtle bone and skin refer to diseases affecting Shang's royal family: eye disorders, toothache, flatulence, etc., which is the Chinese elite. usually associated with a curse sent by their ancestors. There is no evidence that Shang's royalty used herbal remedies. According to a 2006 review, "The documentation of Chinese materia medica (CMM) returned to about 1,100 BC when only dozens of drugs were first described.At the end of the 16th century, the number of documented drugs has reached nearly 1900. And by the end of the last century, published CMM has reached 12,800 drugs. "

The stone and bone needles found in ancient tombs led Joseph Needham to speculate that acupuncture might be performed in the Shang dynasty. It is said that most historians now make the distinction between medical lancing (or bloodshed) and acupuncture in the narrow sense of using a metal needle to treat a disease by stimulating certain points along the circulatory channel ("meridian") in accordance with the theory related to circulation. of Qi. The earliest evidence for acupuncture in this sense dates from the second or first century BC.

The Canon Inner Yellow Emperor (Huang Di Nei Jing) , the oldest received a work of Chinese medical theory, composed around the first century BC based on the shorter text of different medical lineages. Written in the form of a dialogue between the legendary Yellow Emperor and his ministers, he offers an explanation of the relationship between humans, their environment, and the cosmos, to body content, to human vitality and pathology, to disease symptoms, and to how to make diagnostic and therapeutic decisions considering all these factors. Unlike previous texts such as the Recipe for the Fifty-Two Diseases, excavated in the 1970s from a tomb that had been sealed in 168 BC, Inner Canon rejected the influence of spirits and use of magic. It was also one of the first books in which the cosmological doctrine of Yinyang and Five Phases was brought to mature synthesis.

The Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders and Miscellaneous Illnesses (Shang Han Lun) were collected by Zhang Zhongjing around between 196 and 220 CE; at the end of the Han dynasty. Focusing on prescription medications rather than acupuncture, it was the first medical work to combine Yinyang and Five Phases with drug therapy. This formulary is also the earliest Chinese public medical text to group symptoms into clinically useful "patterns" ( zheng ) that can serve as targets for therapy. After various changes over time, the formulary now circulates as two different books: Treatise on Cold Damage Disorder and Essential Recipes of the Gold Box , edited separately in the eleventh century, at under the Song dynasty.

In the following centuries, some shorter books try to summarize or systematize their contents from the Yellow Inner Inner Canon book. The Canon of Problems (probably the second century AD) tries to reconcile the different doctrines of Inner Canon and develop a complete medical system centered on needle therapy. The AB Canon of Acupuncture and Moxibustion ( Zhenjiu jiayi jing ?????, composed by Huangfu Mi sometimes between 256 and 282 CE) gathers a consistent doctrine of acupuncture ; while the Canon of the Pulse ( Maijing ca. 280) presents itself as "a comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic handbook."

In 1950, Chairman Mao Zedong gave a speech to support traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that was influenced by political needs. Zedong believes he and the Chinese Communist Party should promote TCM but he does not personally believe in TCM and he does not use it. In 1952, the president of the Chinese Medical Association said, "This One Medicine, will have a foundation in modern natural science, will absorb the ancient and the new, Chinese and foreign, all medical achievements - and will become New Chinese Medicine!"

Doctor history

Ini termasuk Zhang Zhongjing, Hua Tuo, Sun Simiao, Tao Hongjing, Zhang Jiegu, dan Li Shizhen.

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Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a common practice sharing practice concept developed in China and is based on a tradition of over 2,000 years, including various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage (Tui na), sports (qigong), and diet therapy. It is primarily used as a complementary alternative medicine approach. TCM is widely used in China and is also used in the West. His philosophy is based on Yinyangism (ie a combination of Five-Phase theory with the Yin-yang theory), which is then absorbed by Taoism.

Yin and yang

Yin and yang are ancient Chinese concepts that can be traced back to Shang dynasty (1600-1100 BC). They represent two abstract and complementary aspects that every phenomenon in the universe can be divided into. The primordial analogy to these aspects is the sun (Yang) and the hillside of the shade (yin). Two other representational allegories of yin and which are used are water and fire. In the yin-yang theory, detailed attributions are made about yin or yang characters:

The concept of yin and which also applies to the human body; for example, the upper body and back are assigned to that, while the lower body is believed to have a yin character. Characterization of Yin and which also extends to various body functions, and - more importantly - for symptoms of illness (eg, cold and hot sensations assumed yin and yang symptoms, respectively). Thus, the yin and yang of the body are seen as a phenomenon of lack (or abundance of abundance) coming with a combination of characteristic symptoms:

• Yin Vacancy (also called "vacuity-heat"): heat sensation, night sweats, insomnia, dry pharynx, dry mouth, dark urine, and "smooth" and fast pulse.
• The vacuity ("vacuity-cold"): unwillingness for cold feet, cold, bright white skin, void clear urine length, diarrhea, pale and enlarged tongue, and slightly weak, slow and delicate pulse.

TCM also identifies a cure that is believed to treat a combination of these specific symptoms, that is, to strengthen yin and yang.

Five-Phase Theory

Five Phases (???, pinyin: w? XÃÆ'ng ), sometimes also translated as the "Five Elements" theory, the phenomena of the universe and nature can be broken down into five elemental qualities - represented by wood (?, pinyin: mÃÆ'¹ ), fire (? pinyin : hu? ), earth (?, pinyin: t ? ), metal (?, pinyin: j? n ), and water (? pinyin: shu? ). In this way, the correspondence line can be retrieved:

Strict rules are identified to apply to the relationship between the Five Phases in terms of sequence, acting against each other, of opposition, etc. All aspects of this Five Phase theory are the basis of zÃÆ' ng-f? concept, and thus have a major influence on the TCM body model. The Five-Phase Theory is also applied in diagnosis and therapy.

The correspondence between the body and the universe has historically been seen not only in terms of the Five Elements, but also of the "Great Numbers" (??, pinyin: d sh? ) For example, the number of acu points has been viewed as 365, corresponding to the number of days of the year; and the number of major meridians-12-have been seen according to the number of rivers flowing through the ancient Chinese kingdom.

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Body model

TCM "states that the body's vital energy ( chi or qi ) circulates through a channel, called meridian , which has branches connected to the organ and functions body. "His view of the human body has little to do with anatomical structures, but focuses primarily on body functions (such as digestion, breathing, temperature maintenance, etc.):

"The tendency of Chinese thinking is to seek dynamic functional activity rather than search for somatic structures that perform activities, because this, the Chinese do not have anatomical systems comparable to the West."

These functions are collected and then associated with the main functional entities - for example, network food and their moisture maintenance are seen as connected functions, and the entity postulated to be responsible for these functions is xu? (blood). This functional entity is thus a concept rather than something with biochemical or anatomical properties.

The main functional entities used by traditional Chinese medicine are qÃÆ'¬, xu ?, five za ng organs, six f? organs, and meridians that extend through the organ system. These are all interconnected theoretically: every organ of the zag is paired with f? organs, which are nourished by blood and concentrate qi for certain functions, with meridians becoming extensions of the functional system throughout the body.

Body concepts and diseases used in TCM have an idea of ​​pre-scientific culture, similar to European humoral theory. TCM is marked full of pseudosain. Some practitioners no longer consider the yin and yang and the idea of ​​energy flow to apply. Scientific inquiry has not found any histological or physiological evidence for traditional Chinese concepts such as qi, meridians, and acupuncture points. It is a commonly held belief in the acupuncture community that acupuncture points and meridian structures are special channels for electrical signals but no studies have established a consistent anatomical structure or function for either acupuncture points or meridians. Scientific evidence for the existence of anatomy whether meridians or acupuncture points is unattractive. Stephen Barrett of Quackwatch writes that, "The theory and practice of TCM is not based on the body of knowledge relating to health, disease and health care that has been widely accepted by the scientific community TCM practitioners disagree among themselves on how to diagnose patients and treatment which one should do with the diagnosis.While if they can agree, the TCM theory is so vague that no scientific research will allow TCM to offer rational treatment. "

TCM has been the subject of controversy in China. In 2006, Chinese intellectual Zhang Gongyao sparked a national debate when he published an article entitled "Farewell to Traditional Chinese Medicine," arguing that TCM is a pseudoscience that should be removed in public health care and academia. However, the Chinese government, interested in export earnings opportunities, takes the attitude that TCM is a science and continues to drive its development.

Qi

TCM distinguishes many types of qi (simplified Chinese: ? ; traditional Chinese: ? ; pinyin: qÃÆ'¬ ). In a general sense, qi is something defined by the five "cardinal functions":

1. Actuation (Simplified Chinese: ?? ; Traditional Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: zh-Latn-pinyin>> tu dÃÆ'²ng ) - of all physical processes in the body, especially the circulation of all body fluids like blood in their vessels. These include actuation of zang-fu organ functions and meridians.
2. Heating (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: w? nxÃÆ'¹ ) - the body, especially the limbs.
3. Defense (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: fÃÆ'¡ngyÃÆ'¹ ) - against exogenous pathogen Factors
4. Containment (Simplified Chinese: ?? ; Traditional Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: gÃÆ'¹shÃÆ'¨ ) - body fluids, that is, keeping blood, sweat, urine, semen, etc. from leakage or excessive emissions.
5. Transformation (Simplified Chinese: ?? ; Traditional Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: Æ',, <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<, the transformation of all the latter into one another.

The qi void will be characterized primarily by pale skin, spirit fatigue, lack of strength, spontaneous sweat, laziness to speak, non-digestion of food, shortness of breath (especially on exertion), and pale and enlarged tongue.

Qi is believed to be partly produced from food and drink, and partly from the air (through the breath). Another important part is the inheritance of parents and will be consumed in the journey of life.

TCM uses a special term for qi that runs in the blood vessels and for qi that is distributed in the skin, muscles, and tissues between them. The first is called yng-qa (simplified Chinese: ?? ; traditional Chinese: ?? ); its function is to complement the xuÃÆ'¨ and its nature has a strong yin aspect (although qi is generally considered to be Yang). The latter is called weÃÆ'¬-qÃÆ'¬ (simplified Chinese: ?? ; traditional Chinese: ?? ) ; Its main function is defense and has pronounced its properties.

Qi is said to circulate in the meridian. Just as qi is held by each zang-fu organ, it is considered part of the 'main' qi (simplified Chinese: ?? ; traditional Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: yuÃÆ'¡nqÃÆ'¬ ) of the body (Also called Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: zh? N qÃÆ'¬ , '' true '' qi, or ?? Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: yuÃÆ'¡n qÃÆ'Â ¬ , '' original '' qi).

Xue

In contrast to most other functional entities, xuÃÆ'¨ (?, "Blood") is correlated with the physical form - red fluid flows in the blood vessels. The concept, however, is defined by its function: it nourishes all parts and tissues, maintains adequate levels of moisture, and maintains and comforts awareness and sleep.

Typical symptoms of lack of xu? (usually called "blood void") is described as: Pallor-white or leather (python: xu? x? )) yellow withered, dizziness, flower vision, palpitations, insomnia, numbness of the extremities; pale tongue; pulse "good".

Jinye

Closely related to xu? is j? ny? (??, usually translated as "body fluid"), and like xu? they are considered to be Yin, and are defined first and foremost by the function of nourishing and moistening different body structures. Their other function is to harmonize yin and yang, and to help with the secretion of waste products.

J? Ny? ultimately extracted from food and beverage, and is the raw material for the production of xu? otherwise, xu? also can be converted into j? ny ?. Their palpable manifestations are all body fluids: tears, sputum, saliva, gastric acid, joint fluid, sweat, urine, etc.

Zang-fu

The zÃÆ' ng-f? (Simplified Chinese: ?? ; Traditional Chinese: ?? ) is a central part of systematization TCM body functions. However, by naming the names of the organs, they are bound only secondary to the anatomical (basic) assumptions only (slightly more, less). Because they are primarily determined by their function, they are not equivalent to anatomical organs - to highlight this fact, their names are usually capitalized.

The term zÃÆ'ng (?) Refers to the five entities that are considered yin in nature-Heart, Heart, Spleen, Lung, Kidney-, while f? (?) refers to the six organs- Small Intestine, Colon, Gallbladder, Bladder, Stomach and S? njia ?.

The important function of zÃÆ'ng consists of the production and storage of qÃÆ'¬ and xu ?; they are said to regulate digestion, breathing, water metabolism, musculoskeletal systems, skin, sensory organs, aging, emotional processes, and mental activity, among other structures and processes. F? The main purpose of the organ is to transmit and digest (pinyin: chuÃÆ'¡n-huÃÆ' ) substances such as waste and food.

Because their concept is developed on the basis of W? XÃÆ'ng's philosophy, each zÃÆ'ng paired with f ?, and each za ng-f? the couple is assigned to one of the five quality elements (ie Five Elements or Five Phases). This correspondence is defined as:

• Fire (?) = Heart (?, pinyin: x? n ) and Small Intestine (?? , pinyin: xia? chÃÆ'¡ng ) (and, secondly, S? njia? [??, "Triple Burner" ] and Pericardium [??, pinyin: x? nbaÃÆ'² ])
• Earth (?) = Spleen (?, pinyin: pÃÆ' ) and Stomach (?, pinyin: < span lang = "zh-Latn-pinyin"> weÃÆ'¬ )
• Metal (?) = Lung (?, pinyin: feÃÆ'¬ ) and Colon (??, pinyin: < i> dÃÆ' chaÃÆ'¡ng )
• Water (?) = Kidney (?, pinyin: shÃÆ'¨n ) and Bladder (??, pinyin: pÃÆ'Ângng? ng )
• Wood (?) = Liver (?, pinyin: g? n ) and Gallbladder (?, pinyin: < i> d? n )

The za ng-f? also connected to the twelve standard meridians of each meridian attached to f? organs, and five of the Yin meridians attached to zÃÆ'ng. Because there are only five zones but six yin meridians, the sixth are assigned to Pericardium, a strange entity almost similar to Heart zing.

Jing-luo

Meridians (pinyin: j? Ng-luÃÆ'² ) are believed to be channels that run from zÃÆ'ng-f? in the interior (?, pinyin: l? ) from body to limb and joint ("surface" [?, pinyin: < i> bia? ]), carrying qi and xu? TCM identifies 12 "regular" and 8 "exceptional" meridians; Chinese terms become ???? (Pinyin: shÃÆ'-ÃÆ'¨r j? NgmÃÆ' i , lit. "Twelve Ships") and ???? (Pinyin: qÃÆ' j? Ng b? MÃÆ' i ) respectively. There are also a few more rarely branched channels of "regular" meridians.

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Disease concepts

In general, the disease is regarded as disharmony (or imbalance) in the function or interaction of yin, which, qi, xu?, ZÃÆ' ng-f?, Meridians etc. and/or interactions between the human body and the environment. Therapy is based on an identifiable "pattern of disharmony." Thus, "pattern discrimination" is the most important step in the diagnosis of TCM. It is also known as the most difficult aspect of practicing TCM.

To determine what pattern is in hand, the practitioner will examine such things as the color and shape of the tongue, the relative strength of the pulse-point, breath-breath, breathing quality, or sound of the sound. For example, depending on the condition of the tongue and the pulse, a TCM practitioner may diagnose bleeding from the mouth and nose as: "The heart of the heart rushes up and burns Lung, injures the blood vessels and raises a bloodless burst of blood from the mouth and nose." He may then proceeding with prescribing treatments designed to cleanse the heat or add to the lungs.

Disease entity

In TCM, the disease has two aspects: "bÃÆ'¬ng" and "zhÃÆ'¨ng". The first is often translated as "disease entity", "disease category", "disease", or simply "diagnosis". The latter, and more importantly, are usually translated as "patterns" (or sometimes also as "syndromes"). For example, an ordinary flu disease entity may be present with a cold wind pattern on one person, and with a hot-wind pattern in another.

From a scientific point of view, most of the incoming illnesses listed by TCM are just a symptom. Examples include headache, cough, abdominal pain, constipation, etc.

Because the therapy will not be selected according to the disease entity but according to the pattern, two people with the same disease entity but different pattern will receive different therapy. Conversely, people with similar patterns may receive similar therapy even if their disease entities are different. This is called ????,???? (Pinyin: yes ì bÃÆ'¬ng tÃÆ'³ng zhÃÆ'¬, tÃÆ'³ng bÃÆ'¬ng yÃÆ'¬ zhÃÆ'¬ , "different diseases, same treatment, same disease, different treatment ").

Pattern

In TCM, the "pattern" (?, Pinyin: zhÃÆ'¨ng ) refers to the "disharmony pattern" or "functional impairment" in functional entity TCM body model consists of. There are patterns of disharmony qi, xu?, Body fluids, za ng-f?, And meridians. They are ultimately determined by their symptoms and "signs" (eg, pulse and tongue findings).

In clinical practice, the pattern identified usually involves a combination of affected entities (compare with typical pattern samples). The identified patterns of concrete should describe all symptoms that a person has.

Six Excess

Six Advantages (???, pinyin: liÃÆ'¹ yÃÆ'n , sometimes also translated as "Pathogenic Factor", or "Six Pernicious Influence "; alternatively, pinyin: liÃÆ'¹ xiÃÆ' Â © , -" Six Evils "or" Six Devils ") is the allegorical term used to describe the pattern of disharmony displays certain typical symptoms. These symptoms resemble the effects of six climatic factors. In allegory, these symptoms can occur due to one or more of the climatic factors (called ??, pinyin: liÃÆ'¹ qÃÆ'¬ , "six qi") able to attack the body surface and proceed to the interior. This is sometimes used to draw a causal relationship (ie, previous exposure to wind/cold/etc. Identified as the cause of the disease), while other authors explicitly reject direct causal relationships between weather and disease conditions, indicating that the Six Advantages mainly a description of the combination of certain symptoms that translate into a pattern of disharmony. Unquestionably, however, that the Six Advantages can manifest in the body without external causes. In this case, they may be denoted "internal", for example, "internal wind" or "internal fire (or heat)".

Six Advantages and their typical clinical signs are:

1. The wind (?, pinyin: f> ng ): the onset of rapid symptoms, the location of wandering symptoms, itching, nasal congestion, "floating" pulses; tremor, paralysis, seizures.
2. Cold (?, pinyin: hÃÆ'¡n ): cold sensation, hate to cold, relieve symptoms with warmth, excretion dilute/fluid, severe pain, abdominal pain, muscle contraction/hypertrophy, white tongue feathers, "deep"/"hidden" or "threadlike" pulse, or slow pulse.
3. Fire/Heat (?, pinyin: hu? ): unwillingness to heat, high fever, thirst, dense urine, red face, red tongue, tongue tongue yellow, rapid pulse. (Fire and heat basically look the same)
4. Humidity (pinyin: sh? ): severe sensation, full sensation, symptoms of spleen dysfunction, oily tongue, "slippery" pulse.
5. Drought (dry, dry mouth, dry throat, dry lips, nosebleed, dry, dry mouth, dry throat, dry lips, nosebleeds, dry skin, dry stools.
6. Summerheat (?, pinyin: sh? ): either hot or wet-hot mixed symptoms.

Pattern-Six Excess can consist of only one or a combination of Excess (eg, Cold wind, hot-humid wind). They can also change from one to the other.

Examples of distinctive patterns

For each functional entity (qi, xu ?, zÃÆ' ng-f ?, meridian etc.), a peculiar pattern of disharmony is recognized; for example: qi vacuity and qi stagnation in case of qi; blood void, blood stasis, and blood heat in the case of xu ?; Vaccination qi spleen, Spleen vakuolitas, Spleen vu vacuity with down-bearing qi, Spleen qi vacuity with lack of blood containment, cold-moist invasion of the Spleen, hot-humid invasion of Spleen and Stomach in case of Spleen lien; invasion of wind/cold/wet in meridian case.

TCM provides detailed recipes of these patterns regarding their typical symptoms, mostly including typical tongue and/or pulse findings. As an example:

• "Upflaming Liver fire" (????, pinyin: g? nhu? shÃÆ'ng yÃÆ'¡n ): Headache, red face, reddened eyes, dry mouth, nosebleeds, constipation, dry or hard stools, multiple periods, sudden tinnitus or deafness, vomiting acid or bitter liquids, blood loss, irritation, impatience; red tongue with dry yellow hair; a slippery and threadlike pulse.

Eight principles of diagnosis

The process of determining the actual pattern is on hand is called ?? (Pinyin: biÃÆ'n zhÃÆ'¨ng , usually translated as "pattern diagnosis", "pattern identification" or "pattern discrimination"). In general, the first and most important step in the diagnosis of patterns is the evaluation of the current signs and symptoms on the basis of the "Eight Principles" (??, pinyin: b? G ? ng ). These eight principles refer to four pairs of fundamental qualities of disease: exterior/interior, heat/cold, emptiness/buoyancy, and yin/yang. From this, heat/cold and emptiness/repetition have the greatest clinical importance. The quality of yin/yang, on the other hand, has the smallest interest and is somewhat visible apart from the other three couples, as it presents only general and vague conclusions about what other qualities are found. In detail, the Eight Principles refer to the following:

• Yin and yang are universal aspects of all things can be classified below, this includes common diseases as well as the first eight pairs of Eight Principles. For example, cold is identified as a yin aspect, while heat is associated with Yang. Because of the description of patterns in terms of yin and that lack complexity and clinical practicality, patterns are usually not labeled like this anymore. The exception is the cold-and-full-sum vacancy pattern, which is sometimes referred to as the "yin pattern" and "pattern" of each.
• Exterior (?, pinyin: bi? o ) refers to a disease that manifests in the layer superficial body - skin, hair, flesh, and meridians. It is characterized by reluctance to cold and/or wind, headache, muscle aches, mild fever, "floating" beats, and normal tongue appearance.
• Interior (?, pinyin: l? ) refers to the disease manifestation in za ng - f, or (in the wider sense) of any disease that can not be counted as an exterior. There are no symptoms of general characteristics of interior patterns, because they will be determined by zÃÆ'ng or f? entity.
• Cold (?, pinyin: hÃÆ'¡n ) is generally characterized by an aversion to cold, no thirst, and white tongue feathers. More detailed characterization depends on whether the cold is combined with vacancy or replacement.
• Heat (?, pinyin: rÃÆ'¨ ) is characterized by the absence of reluctance to cold, red and painful throat, dry tongue hair and rapid and floating pulse, if falling along with the exterior pattern. In all other cases, the symptoms depend on whether the heat is paired with vacancy or buoyancy.
• Disadvantages ,

  x? ), can be further differentiated into qi deficiencies, xu ?, yin and yang, with all the characteristic symptoms of each. Yin deficiency can also cause "empty-hot".

• Excess (?, pinyin: shÃÆ' ) usually refers to a disease that can not be identified as the pattern of deficiency, and usually indicates either one of the Six Advantages, or the stagnation pattern (qi, xu ?, etc.). In a concurrent exterior pattern, the excess is characterized by the absence of sweat.

After the nature of the disease in the case of the Eight Principles is determined, the investigation focuses on a more specific aspect. By evaluating the current signs and symptoms against the background of a typical disharmony pattern of various entities, evidence is collected whether or how a particular entity is affected. This evaluation can be done

1. with respect to meridians (????, pinyin: i j? ng-luÃÆ'² biÃÆ' n zhÃÆ'¨ng )
2. with respect to qi (????, pinyin: qÃÆ'¬ xuÃÆ'¨ biÃÆ' n zhÃÆ'¨ng )
3. with respect to xuÃÆ'¨ (????, pinyin: qÃÆ'¬ xuÃÆ'¨ biÃÆ' n zhÃÆ'¨ng )
4. with respect to body fluids (????, pinyin: j? ny? biÃÆ' n zhÃÆ'¨ng )
5. with regard to zÃÆ'ng-f? (????, pinyin: zÃÆ'ng-f? biÃÆ'n zhÃÆ'¨ng ) - very similar to this, though less specific, is the description of the pattern of disharmony in terms of the Five Elements [????, pinyin: w? xÃÆ'ng biÃÆ'n zhÃÆ'¨ng ])

There are also three special pattern diagnosis systems used in cases of fever and infectious diseases ("Six Channel System" or "Six Division Pattern" [pinyin: liÃÆ'¹ j? ng biÃÆ'n zhÃÆ'¨ng ]; "Wei Qi Ying Xue system" or "division pattern four" [??????, pinyin: weÃÆ'¬qÃÆ'¬ yÃÆ'ng xuÃÆ'¨ biÃÆ'n zhÃÆ'¨ng ]; "San Jiao system" or "three burner pattern" [????, pinyin: > s? njia? biÃÆ' n zhÃÆ'¨ng ]).

Disease considerations cause

Although TCM and its disease concept do not greatly distinguish between cause and effect, pattern discrimination may include consideration of the cause of the disease; this is called ???? (Pinyin: bÃÆ'¬ngy? N biÃÆ'n zhÃÆ'¨ng , "disease-causing pattern discrimination").

There are three basic categories of recognized causes of disease (??, pinyin: s? N y? N ):

1. external causes: these include the Six Advantages and the "Qi Pestilensial".
2. internal causes: "Seven Affects" (??, pinyin: qÃÆ'¬ qÃÆ'ng , sometimes also translated as " Seven Emotions ") - joy, anger, contemplation, sadness, fear, fear and sadness. This is believed to cause damage to the function of zÃÆ'ng-fÃÆ'º, especially from the Heart.
3. non-external non-internal causes: dietary irregularities (especially: too much raw, cold, spicy, fatty or sweet foods, overeating, too much alcohol), fatigue, sexual disorders, trauma and parasites (? pinyin: chÃÆ'³ng ).

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Diagnostics

At TCM, there are five diagnostic methods: inspection, auscultation, smell, examination, and palpation.

• Inspection focuses on the face and especially on the tongue, including the analysis of tongue size, shape, tension, color and coating, and the absence or presence of tooth marks around the edges.
• Auscultation refers to listening to certain sounds (such as wheezing).
• Smell means taking care of body odor.
• The question focuses on "seven questions", which involves asking people about regularity, severity, or other characteristics: chills, fever, sweat, appetite, thirst, taste, defecation, urination, pain, menstruation, leukorrhea.
• Palpation that includes body feelings for soft A-shi points, and palpation of wrist pulsation and other pulsations, and palpation of the abdomen.

Tongue and pulse

Tongue and pulse examination is one of the major diagnostic methods in TCM. Certain sectors of the tongue surface are believed to be related to zÃÆ'ng-f ?. For example, a tooth mark on one part of the tongue may indicate a problem with the heart, whereas dental markings on other parts of the tongue may indicate a problem with the liver.

Pulp palpation involves measurement of both pulse on the surface and at a deep level at three different locations in the radial artery ( Cun, Guan, Chi , located two fingerbreadths of the wrist fold, one fingerbreadth of the wrist crease , and right in the folds of the wrist, respectively, usually palpated with indexes, middle and ring fingers) of each arm, for a total of twelve pulses, all of which are considered to correspond to a certain za ng-f. The pulse is examined for several characteristics including rhythm, strength and volume, and is described with qualities such as "floating, slippery, jerky, weak, ready and fast"; each of these qualities shows a particular disease pattern. Studying the diagnosis of TCM pulses can take several years.

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Herbal

The term "herbal medicine" is somewhat misleading in that regard, while plant elements are the most commonly used substances in TCM, other non-botanical substances are also used: animal, human, and mineral products are also used. Thus, the term "medicine" (not a herb) is usually preferred.

Recipes

Usually, one batch of medicine is prepared as a decoction of about 9 to 18 substances. Some of them are considered as main ingredients, some as additional ingredients; in additional ingredients, up to three categories can be distinguished.

Raw materials

There are about 13,000 medicines used in China and over 100,000 prescription drugs recorded in ancient literature. Elements and plant extracts are by far the most commonly used elements. In the classic book Traditional Drug Handbook from 1941, 517 registered drugs - of this, 45 are animal parts, and 30 are minerals.

Animal substance

Some parts of animals used as medicines can be considered rather strange like gallstone cows, bee hives, leeches, and scorpions. Other examples of animal parts include antelope or buffalo horns, deer antlers, testes and dog penis bones, and snake bile. Some TCM textbooks still recommend preparations that contain animal tissues, but there is little research to justify the claimed clinical efficacy of many TCM animal products.

Some medicines may include parts of endangered species, including tiger bone and rhino horn used for many diseases (though not as aphrodisiac as is commonly misunderstood in the West). The black market in rhino horns (not only driven by TCM but also seeking unrelated status) has reduced the world rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years. Concerns also arise over the use of pangolin scales, turtle plastron, sea horses, and mobula gill plates and manta rays. Hunters hunt for endangered or endangered species to supply the black market with TCM products. There is no scientific evidence of efficacy for tiger medicines. Concerns over China considering legalizing the tiger body trade prompted the 171-nation Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) to support decisions against the rise of tiger trade. Less than 30,000 of the remaining three antelopes are exported to China for use in traditional fever therapies. An illegally organized gang exports antelope horns to China. The pressure on seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) Used in traditional medicine is enormous; tens of millions of animals are caught each year. Many species of syngnathid today are part of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species or national equivalents.

Because TCM recognizes bear bile as a drug, more than 12,000 black asiatic bears are held in bear farms. The bile is extracted through a permanent hole in the abdomen that leads to the gallbladder, which can cause severe pain. This can cause bears to attempt suicide. In 2012, about 10,000 bears are farmed in China for their bile. This practice has sparked public outcry across the country. Bile is collected from living bears through surgical procedures. The deer penis is believed to have therapeutic benefits according to traditional Chinese medicine. Part of tiger medicines of the hunted animals including tiger penis, believed to increase virility, and eyes of tigers. The illegal trade in tiger parts in China has prompted this species to be extinct due to its popularity in traditional medicine. The laws protecting endangered species like the Sumatran tiger failed to stop the display and sale of these items on the open market. Shark fin soup is traditionally regarded in Chinese medicine as beneficial to health in East Asia, and its status as an elite dish has led to huge demand with increasing prosperity in China, destroying shark populations. Shark fin has been a part of traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Shark fin is banned in many countries, but its trade is growing in Hong Kong and China, where fins are part of shark fin soup, dishes that are considered delicious, and are used in some traditional Chinese medicine.

Types of turtles (tortoise turtle - biejia) and turtles (Chinese softshell turtle - biejia) used in traditional Chinese medicine were raised on farms, while restrictions were made on the accumulation and export of other endangered species. However, the issue of overexploitation of Asian turtles in China has not been fully resolved. Australian scientists have developed methods to identify drugs containing traces of the DNA of endangered species. Finally, although not an endangered species, the sharp increase in donkey donkey and donkey exports from Africa to China to make ejiao traditional medicine has spurred export restrictions by some African countries.

Human body parts

Traditional Chinese Medicine also includes some human parts: Classical Materia medica (Bencao Gangmu) describes the use of 35 parts of the human body and excreta in medicines, including bone, nails, hair, dandruff, earwax, dirt on teeth, feces, urine, sweat , organs, but most are no longer used.

The human placenta has used ingredients in certain traditional Chinese medicines, including using a dry human placenta, known as "Ziheche", to treat infertility, impotence and other conditions. Consumption of human placenta is a potential source of infection.

Traditional categorization

Traditional categorizations and classifications that can still be found today are:

Classification according to the Four Natures: hot, warm, cold, or cold (or, neutral in terms of temperature) and hot and warm herbs are used to treat cold diseases, while cold and cold potions are used to treat heat diseases.

Classification by Five Sense, (??, pinyin: w? WÃÆ'¨i , sometimes also translated as Five Tastes): spicy, sweet, bitter, sour, and salty. Substances may also have more than one flavor, or none (ie, "tasteless" taste). Each of the Five Flavors corresponds to one of the zang organs, which in turn corresponds to one of the Five Phases. A sense implies certain properties and therapeutic actions of a substance; for example, the salty flavor flows down and softens the hard mass, while the sweetness complements, harmonizes, and moisturizes.

Classification by meridians - more precisely, zag-fu organs including related meridians - which can be expected to be affected primarily by certain drugs.

Categorization according to specific functions mainly include: exterior or exterior breaking, heat-cleaning, down-dewing, or moisture-removal deposition, moisture conversion, encouraging water movement and moisturizing or moistening-moisture, internal heating, qi-regulating or qi- straightening, spreading accumulation of food or food spread, expelling worms, stopping bleeding or blood-stanching, accelerating Blood and eliminating stasis or blood-accelerating, sputtering, stopping coughing and soothing wheezing or phlegm-transforming and coughing-and panting-suppressing, Spirit -quieting, pacifying and expelling wind or orifice-mouth-extinguishingl support supplements including qi-supplementation, blood-nourishing, yin-enriching, and strengthening, enhancing-promoting or securing and distorting, stimulating, and substances for external applications.

Benefits

In 2007 there was not enough good quality trial of herbal therapy to allow its effectiveness to be determined. A high percentage of relevant studies on traditional Chinese medicine is in the Chinese database. Fifty percent of the systematic review on TCM is not looking for a Chinese database, which can cause biases in the results. Many of the systematic review of TCM interventions published in Chinese journals are incomplete, some containing errors or misleading. Herbs recommended by traditional Chinese practitioners in the US are not regulated.

A 2013 review found the data too weak to support the use of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) for benign prostatic hyperplasia. A 2013 review found research on the benefits and safety of CHM for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss is poor quality and unreliable to support its use. The 2013 Cochrane review found inconclusive evidence that CHM reduces the severity of eczema. The traditional medicine of ginger, which has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in laboratory experiments, has been used to treat rheumatic, headache and digestive and respiratory problems, although there is no strong evidence to support this use. The 2012 Cochrane Review found no difference in mortality reduction when Chinese herbs were used alongside Western medicine versus Western medicine exclusively. The Cochrane 2012 review found insufficient evidence to support the use of TCM for people with adhesive small intestinal obstruction. The 2011 review found low-quality evidence suggesting CHM improves symptoms of Sjogren's syndrome. A 2010 review found that TCM appears to be effective for the treatment of fibromyalgia but its findings are insufficient for methodological rigidity. The 2009 Cochrane Review found insufficient evidence to recommend the use of TCM for the treatment of epilepsy. A Cochrane 2008 review found promising evidence for the use of Chinese herbal medicines in relieving painful menstruation, but trials considered to have a low methodological quality so no conclusions can be drawn about the suitability of the drug as a recommended treatment option. Turmeric has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries to treat various conditions. These include jaundice and liver, rheumatic, anorexia, diabetic injuries, and menstrual complications. Most of its effects have been attributed to curcumin. The studies that curcumin show strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity have instigated mechanisms of action study on the possibilities for cancer prevention and inflammatory diseases and treatment. It also shows an immunomodulatory effect. The 2005 Cochrane Review found insufficient evidence for CHM use in people infected with HIV and people with AIDS. The 2010 Cochrane Review found insufficient evidence to support the use of Traditional Chinese Herbal Products (THCP) in the treatment of angina. The 2010 Cochrane review found no evidence supporting the use of TCHM to stop bleeding from haemorrhoids. There is some weak evidence of pain relief.

Drug research

With an eye to the huge Chinese market, pharmaceutical companies have explored the potential to create new drugs from traditional medicine. The Editorial Nature describes TCM as "loaded with pseudoscience", and states that "no rational mechanism of action for most therapies" is "the clearest answer" why its research does not provide "healing floods", while supporters replied that "the researchers lost the artistic aspects, especially the interaction between different materials in traditional therapy."

One of the few successes was the development of the 1970s artemisinin antimalarial drug, which is a processed extract from Artemisia annua , a herb traditionally used as a treatment for fever. Researcher Tu Youyou found that a low-temperature extraction process could isolate an effective antimalarial substance from plants. He said he was influenced by a traditional source who said that this herb should be soaked in cold water, after initially finding the high temperature extraction unsatisfactory. The extracted substance, once subject to the detoxification and purification process, is a usable antimalarial drug - a review of 2012 found that artemisinin-based treatment is the most effective drug for the treatment of malaria. For his work on malaria, Tu received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015. Despite the global efforts to combat malaria, it remains a huge burden for the population. Although WHO recommends artemisinin-based treatments to treat uncomplicated malaria, artemisinin resistance can not be ignored.

Also in the 1970s, Chinese researcher Zhang TingDong and colleagues investigated the potential use of traditionally used arsenic trioxide compounds to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Building on his work, research both in China and the West eventually led to the development of Trisenox drugs, which were approved for the treatment of leukemia by the FDA in 2000.

Huperzine A, extracted from traditional herbs Huperzia serrata, has attracted the interest of medical science because of its alleged neuroprotective properties. Despite earlier promising results, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 2013 found "Huperzine A appears to have beneficial effects on improving cognitive function, daily life activity, and global clinical assessment in participants with Alzheimer's disease." However, the findings should be interpreted with caution. be careful because of the poor methodological quality of the included trials. "

Ephedrine in its natural form, known as mÃÆ'¡ huÃÆ'¡ng (??) in traditional Chinese medicine, has been documented in China since the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD) as antiasthmatic and stimulant. In 1885, the ephedrine chemical synthesis was first performed by Japanese organic chemist Nagai Nagayoshi based on his research on traditional Japanese and Chinese herbal medicines.

Cost effectiveness

A systematic review of 2012 found that there is no evidence of cost effectiveness available at TCM.

Security

From the earliest records of drug use to date, the toxicity of certain substances has been described in all Chinese medicines. Because TCM has become more popular in the Western world, there is increasing concern about the potential toxicity of many traditional Chinese medicines including plants, animal parts and minerals. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine is readily available from grocery stores in most Chinese environments; some of these items may contain toxic ingredients, are imported into the United States illegally, and are related to a therapeutic benefit claim without evidence. For most drugs, efficacy testing and toxicity are based on traditional knowledge rather than laboratory analysis. Toxicity in some cases can be confirmed by modern research (ie, in scorpions); in some cases can not (ie, in Curculigo ). Traditional herbal medicines can contain highly toxic chemicals and heavy metals, and naturally occurring toxins, which can cause illness, aggravate poor pre-existing health or result in death. Identification of plants in botanical plants can cause toxic reactions in humans. Descriptions of some plants used in traditional Chinese medicine have changed, leading to the unwanted intoxication of the wrong plant. Concerns are also contaminated with herbal medicines with microorganisms and fungal toxins, including aflatoxins. Traditional herbal medicines are sometimes contaminated with toxic heavy metals, including lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium, which pose serious health risks to consumers. Also, the forgery of some herbal remedies with conventional medicines that can cause serious side effects, such as corticosteroids, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, and glibenclamide, have been reported.

Substances known to be potentially dangerous include Aconitum , secretions from Asian frogs, peppercorns, Chinese beetles ( Mylabris phalerata ), certain fungi, Aristolochia >, Aconitum , Arsenic sulfide (Realgar), mercury sulfide, and cinnabar. Asbestos ore (Actinolite, Yang Qi Shi, ???) is used to treat impotence in TCM. Because of the high lead content (litharge, lead (II) oxide), known as toxins. Tin, mercury, arsenic, copper, cadmium, and thallium have been detected in TCM products sold in the US and China.

To avoid the adverse effects of the poison Xanthium sibiricum must be processed. Hepatotoxicity has been reported with products containing Polygonum multiflorum, glycyrrhizin, Senecio and Symphytum. Herbs indicated as hepatotoxic include Dictamnus dasycarpus , Astragalus membranaceous , and Paeonia lactiflora . Contrary to popular belief, mushroom extract, as an adjunct to cancer immunotherapy, appears to have potential toxicity. A 2013 review suggests that although the antimalarial potion Artemisia annua may not cause hepatotoxicity, haematotoxicity, or hyperlipidaemia, it should be used with caution during pregnancy because of the potential risk of embryotoxicity at high doses.

However, many adverse reactions are due to the abuse or misuse of Chinese medicine. For example, the misuse of an ephedra (containing ephedrine) dietary supplement may cause side effects including digestive problems as well as sudden death from cardiomyopathy. Products faked with drugs to lose weight or erectile dysfunction are one of the main problems. Chinese herbal medicine has been a major cause of acute liver failure in China.

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Acupuncture and moxibustion

Acupuncture is the insertion of the needle into the superficial structure of the body (skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle) - usually at the acupuncture point (acupuncture point) - and subsequent manipulation; it aims to influence the flow of qi. According to TCM it reduces pain and treats (and prevents) various diseases. The US FDA classifies single acupuncture needles as Class II medical devices, under CFR 21.

Acupuncture is often accompanied by Chinese moxibustion for acupuncture (simplified Chinese: ?? ; traditional Chinese: zh? nji? ) literally means "acupuncture-moxibustion" - which involves burning mugwort on or near the skin on acupuncture points. According to the American Cancer Society, "the available scientific evidence does not support the claim that moxibustion is effective in preventing or treating cancer or other diseases".

In electroacupuncture, electric current is applied to the needle after it is inserted, to further stimulate each acupuncture point.

Benefits

A 2013 editorial by Steven P. Novella and David Colquhoun found that the inconsistency of acupuncture studies (ie acupuncture relieves pain in some conditions but has no effect on other very similar conditions) shows false-positive results, which may be caused by factors such as design biased research, poor disguises, and electrical needle classification (a type of TENS) as a form of acupuncture. The same editorial suggested that given the inability to find consistent results despite more than 3,000 acupuncture studies, the treatment appears to be a placebo effect and the vague positive outcome that exists is the sound expected to emerge after a large amount of research is done on inert therapy. The editorial concludes that the best controlled studies show a clear pattern, where the results do not depend on the location of the needle or even the insertion of the needle, and since "these variables are those that define acupuncture, the only reasonable conclusion is acupuncture is not working." According to the National Cancer Institute NIH AS, a review of 17,922 patients reported that acupuncture markedly relieves muscle and joint pain, caused by aromatase inhibitors, much better than false acupuncture. Regarding cancer patients, the National Cancer Institute of NIH states that acupuncture can cause a physical response to nerve cells, pituitary gland, and brain-releasing proteins, hormones, and chemicals that are proposed to affect blood pressure, body temperature, immune activity, and the release of endorphins.

A meta-analysis 2012 concludes that the mechanism of acupuncture "is clinically relevant, but that an important part of the total effect is not due to a problem that is considered very important by most acupuncturists, such as point location and true needle depth... related to placebo effect or stronger context ". Commenting on this meta-analysis, both Edzard Ernst and David Colquhoun say that the results are of negligible clinical significance.

A review of 2011 Cochrane reviews found high-quality evidence that shows acupuncture is effective for some but not all types of pain. A systematic review of 2010 found that there is evidence "that acupuncture provides a short-term clinical effect that is relevant when compared to a waiting list control or when acupuncture is added to other interventions" in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Two review articles discussing the effectiveness of acupuncture, from 2008 and 2009, have concluded that there is not enough evidence to conclude that it is effective beyond the placebo effect.

Acupuncture is generally safe when administered using the Clean Needle Technique (CNT). Although serious side effects are rare, acupuncture is not without risk. Severe side effects, including death, continue to be reported.

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Tui na

Tui na (??) is a form of massage similar to acupressure (from which shiatsu evolves). Asian massage is usually done with people who are fully clothed, without the application of fat or oil. The techniques used may include thumb suppression, rubbing, percussion, and assisted stretching.

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Qigong

QÃÆ'¬g? Ng (?? or ??) is a TCM training and meditation system that incorporates regulated breathing, slow motion, and focused consciousness, supposedly to grow and balance qi. One branch of qigong is qigong massage, where practitioners combine massage techniques with awareness of channels and acupuncture points.

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Other therapies

Cupping

Cupping (Chinese: pinyin: bÃÆ'¡guÃÆ' n) is a type of Chinese massage, which consists of placing a few glass "glass" (open ball) on the body. A match is ignited and placed inside the cup and then removed before placing the cup on the skin. As the air in the cup is heated, it expands, and after placing on the skin, cools, creating a lower pressure inside the cup that allows the cup to stick to the skin through suction. When combined with massage oils, the cups can slide on the back, offering "back pressure massage".

Has not been found effective for the treatment of any disease. Book 2008 Trick or Treatment says that there is no evidence of any beneficial effects from cupping for any medical condition.

Sha Cave

Sha Cave (Chinese: pinyin: gu? Sh?) Is a rough leather with fine jade pieces, bones, animal fangs or horns or smooth stones; until the red spots then bruised cover the area done. Trusted

Source of the article : Wikipedia