Electrotherapy is the use of electrical energy as medical treatment. In medicine, the term "electrotherapy" can be applied to a variety of treatments, including the use of electrical devices such as deep brain stimulants for neurological diseases. This term has also been applied specifically to the use of electric current to accelerate wound healing. In addition, the term "electrotherapy" or "electromagnetic therapy" has also been applied to various devices and alternative medical treatments.
Video Electrotherapy
Histori
The first recorded patient care by electricity was by Johann Gottlob Krö¼ger in 1743. John Wesley promoted electrical treatment as a universal elixir in 1747 but was rejected by major drugs. Giovanni Aldini treats insanity with static electricity 1823-1824.
The first medical treatment with electricity in London has been recorded as far back as 1767 at Middlesex Hospital in London using a special tool. The same thing was bought for St. Hospital. Bartholomew only ten years later. Records of use other than therapy are unclear, but Guy Hospital has a list of cases published from the early 1800s. Golding Bird in Guy brought electrotherapy to the mainstream in the mid-19th century. In the second half of the nineteenth century the emphasis shifted from delivering large shocks throughout the body to a more measurable, minimum effective dose.
Apparatus
Some of the tools historically used in electrotherapy include;
- Electric bath for high voltage static induction
- Oudin coil, high voltage induction coil, used around 1900
- The pulvermacher chain, a usable electrochemical device most used by shamans, was used in the second half of the 19th century
- Leyden jar, initial form of capacitor, for storing electricity
- Electrostatic generators of various types
People
Some important people in the history of electrotherapy include;
- Luigi Galvani, medical medical pioneer
- Benjamin Franklin, an early proponent of electrotherapy that makes him widely known, but unfortunately most are taken by shamans and swindlers
- Golding Bird, mentioned above
- Duchenne de Boulogne
- Jacques-ArsÃÆ'¨ne d'Arsonval
- George Miller Beard
- Margaret Cleaves, ozone therapy promoter
- Many of the electrical forms used in electrotherapy are named by scientists
Historical famous historic practitioners
- James Graham
- Franz Mesmer
Muscle Stimulation
In 1856, Guillaume Duchenne announced that alternating is higher than the direct current to trigger muscle contraction electrotherapy. The so-called 'warming effect' of the direct current irritates the skin, because, at the strength of the tension required for muscle contraction, they cause blistering skin (on the anode) and holes (at the cathode). Furthermore, with DC each contraction requires a current to be stopped and restarted. In addition, alternating current can produce strong muscle contractions regardless of muscle condition, whereas DC-induced contractions are strong if the muscles are strong, and weak if the muscles are weak.
Since then almost all rehabilitation involving muscle contraction has been done with a symmetrical rectangular biphasic waveform. During the 1940s, however, the US Department of War, investigated the application of electrical stimulation not only to inhibit and prevent atrophy but to restore muscle mass and strength, using so-called galvanic exercises in whose hands stopped growing. patients who have ulnar nerve lesions from surgery on the wound. This galvanic exercise uses a monophasic waveform, direct current.
Cancer treatment
In the field of cancer treatment, DC electrotherapy showed promise early in 1959, when a study published in the journal Science reported total tumor destruction in 60% of subjects, which was essential for early studies.. In 1985, the journal Cancer Research published the most remarkable study, reporting a 98% shrinkage of tumors in animals being treated with DC electrotherapy for only five hours over five days. Mechanisms for the effectiveness of DC electrotherapy in treating cancer are suggested in an article published in 1997. Free radicals (unpaired electrons) containing the active site of the Ribonucleotide Reductase enzyme, RnR - which controls rate-limiting steps in the synthesis. DNA - can be disabled by the flow of electrons that pass.
Maps Electrotherapy
The modern usage
The use of electrotherapy is an accepted practice in the field of physical therapy (see, for example, electrical muscle stimulation) - the American Physical Therapy Association recognizes the use of electrotherapy to:
1. Pain management
- Increase various combined motions
2. Treatment of neuromuscular dysfunction
- Power enhancement
- Improved motor control
- Eliminate muscle atrophy
- Increased local blood flow
3. Increase mobility of joints
- Induces repetitive stretching of shortened and shortened soft tissues
4. Network repair
- Increase microcirculation and protein synthesis to heal wounds
- Increased blood flow to injured tissues increases macrophages to clear debris
- Restores binder and dermal connectivity
5. Acute and chronic edema
- Accelerate the absorption rate
- Affects vein permeability
- Increases mobility of proteins, blood cells and lymphatic flow
6. Peripheral blood flow
- Induces arterial, venous and lymphatic flow
7. Iontophoresis
- Pharmacological agent delivery
- DC (direct current) transports ions through skin
- Common drugs used:
- Dexamethasone
- Acetic acid
- Lidocaine
8. Urinary incontinence and feces
- Affects pelvic floor muscles to reduce pelvic pain and strengthens muscles
- Treatment can lead to complete continuity
9. Lymphatic drainage
- Stimulates the lymphatic system to reduce edema
Electrotherapy is primarily used in physical therapy for relaxation of muscle spasms, prevention and inhibition of unused atrophy, enhancement of local blood circulation, muscle rehabilitation and re-education of electrical muscle stimulation, maintaining and enhancing various movements, management of chronic and stubborn pain, acute post- trauma, post-surgical acute pain, direct muscle post-surgical stimulation to prevent venous thrombosis, wound healing and drug delivery.
Some mechanisms of treatment effectiveness are poorly understood, with the effectiveness and best practices for their use still anecdotal.
Effectiveness for certain indications
Musculoskeletal Conditions
In general, there is little evidence that electrotherapy is effective in managing musculoskeletal conditions. In particular, there is no evidence that electrotherapy is effective in relieving pain arising from osteoarthritis, and little or no evidence is available to support electrotherapy for the management of fibromyalgia.
Neck and back pain
A 2016 review found that, "in evidence there is no effectiveness," doctors should not offer electrotherapy for the treatment of neck pain or related disorders. Previous reviews have found that no conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness of electrotherapy for neck pain, and that electrotherapy has a limited effect on neck pain as measured by clinical outcomes.
A review of 2015 found that evidence for electrotherapy in lower back pain associated with pregnancy was "very limited".
Shoulder disturbance
The 2014 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to determine whether electrotherapy is better than exercise to treat adhesive capsulitis. In 2004, there was insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about any intervention for rotator cuff pathology, including electrotherapy; Furthermore, methodological problems preclude conclusions about the efficacy of any rehabilitation method for any impingement syndrome.
Other musculoskeletal disorders
A 2006 review found that mid-laser therapy may be effective in the management of temporomandibular disorders.
There is limited, low-quality evidence to benefit little from hazard-level electrotherapy in the treatment of epicondylitis.
A 2012 review found that "Small and single studies show that some modalities of electrotherapy may be beneficial" in rehabilitating ankle bone fractures. However, a 2008 review found it to be ineffective in healing long fractures.
A review of 2012 found that evidence that electrotherapy contributes to recovery from a knee condition is "limited quality".
Chronic pain
A 2004 Cochrane review found "weaker evidence" that a pulsating electromagnetic field could be effective in treating recurrent headaches.
The 2016 Cochrane Review found that supporting evidence for electrotherapy as a treatment for complex regional pain syndrome is "non-existent or unclear."
Chronic injuries
A review of 2015 found that evidence supporting the use of electrotherapy in ulcer healing pressures is low quality, and a Cochrane review of 2015 found that there is no evidence that electromagnetic therapy, a subset of electrotherapy, is effective in wound healing ulcers. Previous reviews have found that, due to low-quality evidence, it is unclear whether electrotherapy increases the rate of healing from pressure ulcers. In 2014 evidence supported the efficacy of electrotherapy for ulcer healing.
Another 2015 Cochrane review found no evidence supporting electrotherapy users for vascular stasis ulcers.
See also
- Alfred Charles Garratt
- Stimulation of skull electrotherapy
- Deep brain stimulation
- Electrical brain stimulation
- Electrical muscle stimulation
- Electroanalgesia
- Electroconvulsive Therapy
- Electrotherapy (cosmetics)
- Galvanic Bathing
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation
References
Further reading
- Singh, Jagmohan; "Textbook of Electrotherapy", Ed.1/2005, ISBNÃ, 81-8061-384-4; Pub: JAYPEE Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi; Cover Type: Paperback
- Nelson, Roger M.; Currier, Dean P.; " Clinical Electrotherapy "; 2nd ed., ISBN 0-8385-1334-4; 422 p. Appleton & amp; Lange, publishing division of Prentice Hall, c1991 c1987; 3rd Edition., ISBN 0-8385-1491-X;
- Becker, Robert O.; "The Body Electric, Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life" (with Gary Selden). Morrow, New York 1985, ISBNÃ, 0-688-06971-1
- Becker, Robert O.; "Cross Currents Appointment Electromedicine, The Perils of Electropollution" Torcher, Los Angeles 1990, ISBNÃ, 0-87477-536-1
- Watkins, Arthur Lancaster, " Manual electrotherapy ". 2d ed., Really rev. Philadelphia: Lea & amp; Febiger, c1962. 272 p.
- Scott, Bryan O., " Principles and practices of electrotherapy and actinotherapy ". Springfield, Ill., C.C. Thomas, c1959. 314 p.Ã, LCCN 60004533/L
- Neuroelectric Conference (1969: San Francisco, Calif.), " Neuroelectric research: electroneuroprosthesis, electroanesthesia and nonconvulsive electrotherapy ". Editor, David V. Reynolds and Anita E. Sjoberg. Springfield, Ill., Thomas, 1971. LCCN 75115389 ( ed.) Selected papers were presented at the 1969 Neuroelectric Conference, the second annual conference of the Neuroelectric Society.)
External links
- Electrotherapy on Tim Watson's website on electrotherapy, containing in-depth discussions and dosing calculations.
- The Century Electrotherapy Museum
- Electrotherapy atlas (PDF)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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