Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning , December 17, 1987) is an American activist, whistleblower, politician, and former US Army soldier. He was convicted by a military court in July 2013 of violation of the Espionage Act and other offenses, having revealed to WikiLeaks nearly 750,000 secret documents, or not confidential but sensitive, military and diplomatic, and jailed between 2010 and 2017. Manning is a trans woman who, a statement the day after the sentence, said he had a woman's gender identity since childhood, wanted to be known as Chelsea, and wanted to start hormone replacement therapy.
Commissioned in 2009 to the Army unit in Iraq as an intelligence analyst, Manning has access to a confidential database. In early 2010, he leaked confidential information to WikiLeaks and told this to Adrian Lamo, an online acquaintance. Lamo indirectly informed the Army's Criminal Investigation Command, and Manning was arrested in May of the same year. The material includes videos from July 12, 2007 Baghdad airstrikes, and the 2009 Granai air raids in Afghanistan; 251,287 US diplomatic cables; and 482,832 Army reports which came to be known as the "Iraq War Log" and "Afghan War Diary". The material was published by WikiLeaks and its media partners between April 2010 and April 2011.
Manning was charged 22 offenses, including helping the enemy, which is the most serious accusation and could result in the death penalty. He was held at the Marine Corps Brigade, Quantico in Virginia, from July 2010 to April 2011, under the Prevention of Injury status - involving the isolation cell and other restrictions that caused domestic and international concerns - before was transferred to the Joint Regional Correctional Facility at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he could interact with other detainees. He pleaded guilty in February 2013 to 10 of the charges. The trial of the remaining charges began on June 3, 2013, and on July 30 he was convicted of 17 original indictments and changed the other four versions, but was released from helping the enemy. He was sentenced to 35 years in prison at the US Maximum Discipline Barracks at Fort Leavenworth. On January 17, 2017, President Barack Obama changed Manning's penalty to nearly seven years of confinement since his arrest on May 27, 2010. Manning now makes a living through lectures. In January 2018, he announced his candidacy for a Democratic nomination for a United States Senate election in his state in Maryland, challenging Senator Ben Cardin.
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Initial life
Born Bradley Edward Manning in 1987, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, he was the second child of Susan Fox, of Wales, and Brian Manning, an American. Brian had joined the US Navy in 1974, at the age of 19, and served for five years as an intelligence analyst. Brian meets Susan at the local Woolworths store while stationed in Wales at RAF Brawdy. Manning's sister, Casey Manning, was born in 1976. The couple returned to the United States in 1979, settling first in California. After moving near Crescent, Oklahoma, they bought a two-story house with an over-ground swimming pool and 5 acres (2 hectares) of land, where they raise pigs and chickens.
Sister Manning, Casey, told the military tribunal that both of their parents were alcoholics, and their mothers drank constantly while pregnant with Chelsea. Captain David Moulton, a naval psychiatrist, told the court that Manning's facial features showed signs of fetal alcohol syndrome. Casey became Manning's primary caretaker, waking up at night to prepare baby bottles. The court heard that Manning was only given milk and baby food until the age of two. As an adult he reaches 5Ã, ft 2 in (1.57 m) and weighs about 105 pounds (48 kg).
Manning's father took a job as an information technology (IT) manager for a rental car dealer, The Hertz Corporation, which required travel. The family lived a few miles out of town, and Manning's mother could not drive. He spends his days drinking, while Manning is largely left alone, playing with Lego or on the computer. Brian will keep food before his trip, and leave the signed checks Casey sent to pay the bills. A neighbor said that every time Manning's elementary school goes on a field trip, he'll give his child extra food or extra money so he can make sure Manning has something to eat. Friends and neighbors regard Mannings as a troubled family.
Parak parents, move to Wales
As a child, Manning thinks about religious and political junction. For example, he remains silent during the part of the Loyalty Pledge that refers to God.
In an interview in 2011, Manning's father said, "People need to understand that he is a young man who has a happy life that grows." He also said that Manning excelled in saxophone, science, and computers, and created a web site at the age of 10. Manning learned to use PowerPoint, winning top prizes three years in a row at local science fairs, and in sixth grade, taking the grand prize at a quiz quiz across the state.
A childhood friend of Manning, talking about the conversation they had when Manning was 13, said: "he said he was gay". The friend also said that Manning's home life was not good and his father was in control. Around this time, Manning's parents divorced. She and her mother, Susan, moved from home to a rented apartment in Crescent, Oklahoma. Susan's instability continued, and in 1998 she attempted suicide; Manning's sister drove their mother to the hospital, with an 11-year-old Manning sitting behind the car trying to make sure their mother was still breathing.
Manning's father remarried in 2000, the same year as his divorce. His new wife, also named Susan, had a son from a previous relationship. Manning seems to react badly when the son changes his family's name to Manning too; he started running up to the wall, telling his mother: "I'm nobody now."
In November 2001, Manning and his mother left the United States and moved to Haverfordwest, Wales, where his mother had a family. Manning attended the Tasker Milward high school town. A schoolmate there told Ed Caesar for The Sunday Times that Manning's personality was "unique, very unique, very unique, very opinionated, very political, very smart, very articulate." Manning's interest in computers continued, and in 2003, he and a friend, James Kirkpatrick, created an online message board, angeldyne.com, which offered games and music downloads.
Manning was the target of bullying in school because he was the only American and considered a sissy. Manning has been out to two friends in Oklahoma as gay, but not open about it at school in Wales. The students will mimic the accent, and seem to leave it once during a camping trip; her aunt told The Washington Post that Manning woke up in an empty campsite one morning, after everyone packed up their tents and left without her.
Return to the United States
After graduating from high school in 2005 at the age of 17, and worried that her mother became too ill to deal with it, Manning returned to the United States. He moved with his father in Oklahoma City, where he lives with his second wife and child. Manning got a job as a developer with a software company, Zoto, and seemed happy for a while, but released after four months. His boss told The Washington Post that on some occasions Manning was "locked up" and just sat and stared, and in the end, communication became too difficult. The boss told the newspaper that "nobody is taking care of this child for a very long time".
At that time, Manning lived as an open gay man. His relationship with his father seemed good, but there was a problem between Manning and his stepmother. In March 2006, Manning reportedly threatened his stepmother with a knife during a debate about Manning's failure to find another job; stepmother calls the police, and Manning is asked to leave the house. Manning drove to Tulsa with his father's pickup truck, originally slept in it, then moved on with a friend from school. Both got a job at Incredible Pizza in April. Manning moved to Chicago before ran out of money and again had no place to live. His mother arranged Brian's sister, Debra, a lawyer in Potomac, Maryland, to bring Manning in. Nicks wrote that the 15 months Manning spent with his aunt was the most stable of his life. Chelsea had a girlfriend, took some low-paying jobs, and spent a semester studying history and English at Montgomery College, but left after failing the exam.
Maps Chelsea Manning
Military services
Registration in the Army
Manning's father spent weeks at the end of 2007 and asked him to consider joining the Army. Hoping to get college education through G.I. Bill, and perhaps to study a PhD in physics, he enrolled in September of that year. He told his Army supervisors later that he also hoped to join such a masculine environment would solve his gender identity disorder.
Manning started his basic training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, on October 2, 2007. He wrote that he soon realized that he was not physically and mentally prepared for it. Six weeks after registering, she was sent to the repatriation unit. He was allegedly oppressed, and in the opinion of another soldier, disturbed. The soldier told The Guardian: "The boy is almost five feet... He is a dwarf, so choose him, he's crazy, pick him up, he's gay, pick him up, the guy takes it from every side. He can not please anyone. "Nicks wrote that Manning, who was used to being bullied, fought back - if the coach sergeant yelled at him, he would yell at them - to the point where they started calling him" General Manning ".
The decision to release him was lifted, and he started basic training again in January 2008. After graduating in April, he moved to Fort Huachuca, Arizona, to attend the Advanced Individual Training (AIT) for Special Occupational Specialist (MOS) 35F, intelligence analyst, TS/SCI security clearance (Top/Sensitive Compartational Information). According to Nicks, this security clearance, combined with the digitization of confidential information and government policies to share them widely, gave Manning access to unprecedented amounts of material. Nicks wrote that Manning was rebuked while in Fort Huachuca for posting three video messages to friends on YouTube, where he described the inside of the "Sensitive Compilation Information Facility" (SCIF) where he worked. After completing his first MOS course, Manning received the Army Service Band and the National Defense Service Medal.
Move to Fort Drum, deployment to Iraq
In August 2008, Manning was sent to Fort Drum in Jefferson County, New York, where he joined the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division, and trained to be stationed in Iraq. In late 2008 while stationed there, he met Tyler Watkins, who studied neuroscience and psychology at Brandeis University, near Boston. Watkins was his first serious relationship, and he posted a joy on Facebook about it, regularly traveling 300 miles (480 km) to Boston on a visit.
Watkins introduced him to a network of friends and university hacker communities. He also visited Boston University's "hackerspace" workshops, known as "Builds", and met his founder, David House, MIT researcher who was later allowed to visit him in prison. In November 2008, he gave an anonymous interview to a high school reporter during a demonstration in Syracuse to support gay marriage:
I was kicked out of my house and I never lost my job. The world does not move fast enough for us at home, workplace, or battlefield. I have lived a double life.... I can not make a statement. I can not get caught in an action. I hope public support is changing. I hope to do that before ETS [End of Terms of Service].
Nicks wrote that Manning would travel back to Washington, D.C., for a visit. An ex-girlfriend helps her find her way around the city's gay community, introducing her to lobbyists, activists, and White House aides. Back at Fort Drum, he continues to show emotional problems and, in August 2009, has been referred to the Army's mental-health counselor. A friend told Nicks that Manning could be full of emotion, describing one night they had watched two movies together - The Last King of Scotland
After four weeks at the Joint Preparatory Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, Louisiana, Manning was deployed to the Forward Operating Base Hammer, near Baghdad, arriving in October 2009. From his workstation there, he has access to SIPRNet (Secret Internet Protocol) Router Network) and JWICS (Common Intelligence Communication System Worldwide). Two of his superiors have discussed not bringing him to Iraq; he feels that he is a risk to himself and possibly others, according to a statement issued by the Army - but the lack of intelligence analysts dictates their decision to take him. In November 2009, she was promoted from Private Class to Specialist.
Contact with gender counselor
In November 2009, Manning wrote to a gender counselor in the United States, said he felt female, and discussed undergoing surgery. The counselor told Steve Fishman of the New York magazine in 2011 that Manning was obviously in crisis, partly because of his gender issues, but also because he opposed the kind of war in which he found himself. involved.
He is with all accounts unhappy and isolated. Due to the military policy of "Do not ask, do not tell" (DADT) (valid until September 20, 2011), Manning can not live as a gay man openly without risk being fired. But he apparently did not keep his orientation a secret: his friends said he kept a fairy stick on his desk. When she tells her roommate she is attracted to the guy, she answers by suggesting they are not talking to each other. Manning's working conditions include 14 to 15 hours of night shift in a crowded and dimly lit room.
On December 20, 2009, during a counseling session with two colleagues to discuss his poor maintenance time, Manning was told he would lose one day off for a week of continuous delays. He responded by flipping over the desk, damaging the computer sitting on it. A sergeant removed Manning from the gun rack, and the other soldiers pinned his arm behind his back and dragged him out of the room. Several witnesses of the incident believed that access to sensitive material should be withdrawn at that time. The next month, January 2010, he started posting on Facebook that he felt hopeless and alone.
Release material to WikiLeaks
Manning said his first contact with WikiLeaks occurred in January 2010, when he began interacting with them on IRC and Jabber. He first noticed them by the end of November 2009, when they posted 570,000 pager messages from the September 11 attacks.
On January 5, 2010, Manning downloaded 400,000 documents known as the Iraq War log. On January 8, he downloaded 91,000 documents from an Afghan database, later known as part of the Afghan War log. He stores material on CD-RW and smuggles it through security by labeling CD-RW's "Lady Gaga" media. He then copied it to his personal computer. The next day, he wrote a message on the readme.txt file (see right) , which he told the court originally intended for The Washington Post .
Manning copies files from his laptop to the SD card for his camera, so he can take them to the United States while in R & R away. Army investigators then found the SD card in the basement of Manning at his aunt's house, in Potomac, Maryland. On January 23, Manning flew to the United States via Germany, for two weeks of leave. During this visit, she first went dressed as a woman, wearing a wig and makeup. After his arrest, his former partner, Tyler Watkins, told Wired that Manning said during his visit that he had found some sensitive information and was considering leaking it.
Manning contacted The Washington Post and The New York Times to ask if they were interested in the material; The reporter Posts does not sound interested, and Times does not reply to calls. Manning decides to hand it over to WikiLeaks, and on February 3 sends them Logs of Iraq and the Afghan War through Tor. He returned to Iraq on February 11, without the acknowledgment of WikiLeaks that they had received the file.
On or about February 18, he grants diplomatic cables to WikiLeaks, dated January 13, 2010, from the US Embassy in Reykjavik, Iceland. They published it in a few hours, which suggested to Manning that they had received other material as well. He found the Baghdad helicopter attack ("Collateral killing" video) in the Judge Advocates directory and submitted it to WikiLeaks on or about 21 February. In late March, he sent them a video of the May 2009 air raid in Afghanistan; this is a video that was later removed and apparently destroyed by Daniel Domscheit-Berg when he left the organization. Between March 28 and April 9, he downloaded 250,000 diplomatic cables and on April 10 uploaded them to the WikiLeaks dropbox.
Manning told the court that, during his interactions with WikiLeaks on IRC and Jabber, he developed friendships with someone there, who is believed to be Julian Assange (though not knowing any other names), which he thinks makes him feel he can be himself. Army investigators found 14 to 15 pages of encrypted chat, in unallocated space on their MacBook hard drive, between Manning and someone trusted as Assange. He writes in a statement that the more he strives to work in the office, the more alienated he becomes from everyone around him. Relationships with WikiLeaks have given him a brief respite from isolation and anxiety.
Email to superiors, suggested debit
On April 24, 2010, Manning sent an email to his boss, Sergeant Paul Adkins - with the subject line "My Problems" - said he suffered from a gender identity disorder. She put a picture of herself dressed as a woman and with the file name breanna.jpg . He writes:
This is my problem. I have had those signs for a very long time. This is causing problems in my family. I think a career in the military will get rid of it. Not something I'm looking for attention to, and I've tried very, very hard to get rid of it by putting myself in a situation where it's impossible. But, it will not go away; it haunts me more and more as I get older. Now, the consequences are so horrible, at that moment cause me to suffer so much...
Adkins discusses the situation with his Manning therapist, but does not forward the email to anyone above him in his chain of command; he told the Manning military court that he was worried that the photo would be distributed among other staff. Captain Steven Lim, company commander of Manning, said he first saw the email after Manning's arrest, when information on hormone replacement therapy was found in Manning's room at the base; at that moment Lim knows that Manning has called himself Breanna.
Manning told former "gray hat" hacker Adrian Lamo that he had set up Twitter and YouTube accounts as Breanna to give her female identity a digital presence, wrote to Lamo: "I do not mind going to jail for the rest of my life [to divulge information] , or executed so much, if it were not for the possibility of having my photographs... plastered all over the world press... as [a] child... CPU not made for this motherboard ". On April 30th, she posted on Facebook that she was completely lost, and over the next few days wrote that she was "not a piece of equipment", and "amazingly frustrated" and "outraged" after being "lectures by ex-girlfriends despite months of relationship ambiguity".
On May 7, according to Army witnesses, Manning was found curled in a fetal position in the closet; He has a knife in his leg and cuts off the words "I want" to be a vinyl chair. A few hours later he had a fight with a female intelligence analyst, Specialist Jihrleah Showman, where he hit the face of Showman. Psychiatrist brigade recommends disposal, referring to "job problems and adjustment disorders". The Manning Superintendent removed the bolt from his weapon, made him unable to shoot, and he was sent to work in the supply office, even though at this moment his security clearance remained in place. As a punishment for quarrel with Showman, he was demoted from Specialist (E-4) to Private Class (E-3) three days before his arrest on 27 May.
Ellen Nakashima wrote that, on May 9, Manning contacted Jonathan Odell, an American gay novelist in Minneapolis, through Facebook, leaving a message that he wanted to talk to him in secret; he says he has been involved in some "very high profile events, though as an anonymous individual thus far". On May 19, according to Army investigators, he e-mailed Eric Schmiedl, a mathematician he met in Boston, and informed him that he was the source of the airstrike video of Baghdad. Two days later, he started a series of chats with Adrian Lamo that led to his capture.
Publication of leaked material
WikiLeaks
WikiLeaks was established in late 2006 as a disclosure portal, originally using the Wikipedia model, in which volunteers will write the restricted or threatened material legally filed by the complainant. Julian Assange - an Australian Internet activist and journalist, and editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks - who has the idea of ​​creating what Ben Laurie calls "open-source, democratic" intelligence services. "The editing aspect is soon abandoned, but the site remains open for anonymous submissions..
According to Daniel Domscheit-Berg, a former WikiLeaks spokesperson, part of WikiLeaks's security concept is that they do not know who their source is. The New York Times wrote in December 2010 that the US government is trying to find out whether Assange has been a passive receiver of material from Manning, or has encouraged or helped him to extract files; if the latter, Assange can be prosecuted with a conspiracy. Manning told Lamo in May 2010 that he had developed a working relationship with Assange, communicated directly with him using an encrypted Internet conferencing service, but did not know much about it. WikiLeaks does not identify Manning as their source. Army investigators found chat pages on Manning's computer between Manning and someone believed to be Julian Assange. Nicks writes that, nevertheless, there is no decisive evidence that Assange offers Manning in any direction.
Reykjavik13
On February 18, 2010, WikiLeaks posted the first of the material from Manning, a diplomatic cable from the US Embassy in ReykjavÃÆ'k, a document now known as Reykjavik13. On March 15, WikiLeaks posted a 32-page report written in 2008 by the US Department of Defense about WikiLeaks itself, and on March 29 it posted a profile of the US State Department from politicians in Iceland.
Baghdad airstrikes
WikiLeaks named the video of Baghdad's "Collateral Murder" air raid, and Assange released it on April 5, 2010, during a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, DC The video showed two American helicopters firing on a group of 10 people in Amin Baghdad District. Two Reuters employees there to photograph the American Humvee attacked by the Mahdi Army. The pilots thought their camera was a weapon. The helicopters also fired on a van, targeted earlier by a helicopter, which had stopped to help the wounded first group members. Two children in the van were injured, and their father was killed. Pilots are also involved in buildings where the retreating rebels are hiding. The Washington Post writes that it is this video, seen by millions, that puts WikiLeaks on the map. According to Nicks, Manning sent an email to his boss after the video aired and tried to persuade him that it was the same version that was stored on SIPRNet. Nicks wrote that it looks like Manning wants to be arrested.
Afghan War Logs, Iraq War log
On July 25, 2010, WikiLeaks and three media partners - The New York Times The Guardian , and Der Spiegel - began publishing 91,731 documents that, as a whole, is known as the Afghan War log. (Approximately 77,000 of these have been published in May 2012.) This was followed on October 22, 2010, by 391,832 secret military reports covering the period January 2004 to December 2009, known as the Iraq War log. Nicks writes that the first publication was a decisive moment, "the beginning of an information age that exploded on itself".
Diplomatic cable
Manning is also responsible for the leak of 251,287 cable Cable State Department, written by 271 US embassies and consulates in 180 countries, dated December 1966 to February 2010. The cables were authorized by Assange to three media partners, plus El PaÃÆ's and others, and published gradually from 28 November 2010, with source names removed. WikiLeaks says it is the largest secret document ever released to the public domain. WikiLeaks published the remaining cable, unactivated, on September 1, 2011, after David Leigh and Luke Harding of The Guardian accidentally issued a password for files that are still online; Nicks wrote that, consequently, an Ethiopian journalist had to leave his country, and the US government said they had to relocate some sources.
Guantanamo Bay file
Manning is also a source of leakage of the Guantanamo Bay file, acquired by WikiLeaks in 2010 and published by The New York Times on April 24, 2011.
Granai airstrikes
Manning said he gave WikiLeaks a video, in late March 2010, about the Granai air raids in Afghanistan. The air strike occurred on May 4, 2009, in Granai village, Afghanistan, killing 86 to 147 Afghan civilians. The video was never published; Julian Assange said in March 2013 that Daniel Domscheit-Berg had taken him with him when he left WikiLeaks and apparently had destroyed him.
Manning and Adrian Lamo
First contact
On May 20, 2010, Manning contacted Adrian Lamo, a former "gray hat" hacker who was convicted in 2004 for accessing the New York Times computer network two years earlier without permission. Lamo was profiled that day by Kevin Poulsen in Wired magazine; the story says Lamo has been hospitalized and diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome. Poulsen, at the time a reporter, is a former hacker who has been using Lamo as a source several times since 2000. Indeed it is Poulsen who, in 2002, has told The New York Times that Lamo has gained unauthorized access to its network; Poulsen then writes stories for SecurityFocus . Lamo will hack the system, notify the organization, then offer to improve their security, often using Poulsen as an intermediary.
Lamo said Manning sent him some encrypted emails on May 20th. He says he can not decrypt them but keeps answering and inviting email to chat on AOL IM. Lamo said he then diverted those emails to the FBI without reading them.
Chat
In a series of chats between May 21 and 25, Manning - using the "bradass87" handle - told Lamo that he had divulged the secret material. He introduced himself as an Army intelligence analyst, and within 17 minutes, without waiting for an answer, offended the leak.
Lamo answered several hours later. He said: "I am a journalist and a minister, you can choose one of them, and treat this as an acknowledgment or an interview (never published) & enjoy a little legal protection." They talked about generally restricted material, then Manning made his first explicit reference to a leak: "This is what I do for my friends." He is linked to a section of May 21, 2010, a version of Wikipedia article on WikiLeaks, which described the release of WikiLeaks in March of that year from a Defense Department report on WikiLeaks itself. He added "the ones below are mine too"; the section below in the same article refers to a leak of Baghdad air attack video ("Collateral Murder"). Manning says he feels isolated and fragile, and reaches someone he hopes to understand.
Manning said he had started helping WikiLeaks around Thanksgiving in November 2009 - which fell on Nov. 26 that year - after WikiLeaks released a 9/11 pager message; the messages were released on November 25th. He told Lamo that he had learned that the messages were coming from the NSA database, and that seeing them had made him feel good about moving forward. Lamo asked what kind of material Manning was working on; Manning replied: "uh... crazy, almost criminal political backdealings... non-PR-version of world events and crises..." Although he says he's dealing with Assange directly, Manning also says Assange has adopted a deliberate policy because knew very little about him, told Manning: "lie to me."
Lamo reassured her that he was speaking with confidence. Manning writes: "But I am not your source... I speak to you as someone who needs emotional and emotional support," and Lamo replied: "I told you, this is not for print."
Manning said the most influential incident was when 15 detainees were arrested by Iraqi Federal Police for printing anti-Iraq literature. He was asked by the Army to find out who the "bad guys" were, and found that the prisoners had followed what Manning had said was a trace of corruption inside the Iraqi cabinet. He reports this to his commanding officer, but says "he does not want to hear it"; He said the officer told him to help Iraqi police find more detainees. Manning said it made him realize, "I'm actively involved in something I'm really fighting against..."
He explained that "I can not separate myself from others... I feel connected to everyone... like they are a distant family," and cites Carl Sagan, Richard Feynman and Elie Wiesel. He said he hoped that the material would lead to "discussion, debate, and reform around the world... If not... than [sic] we are destined to be species." He said he had downloaded the material to a music CD-RW, deleted the music and replaced it with a compressed split file. Part of the reason why nobody notices, he says, is that staff work 14 hours a day, seven days a week, and "people stop taking care after 3 weeks."
Shortly after the first chat with Manning, Lamo discussed the information with Chet Uber from Project Vigilant volunteers, who studied cybercrime, and with Timothy Webster, a friend who had worked in army counterintelligence. Both suggested Lamo to go to the authorities. Her friend told the Army Crime Investigation Command (CID), and Lamo was contacted by CID agents shortly thereafter. He tells them that he believes Manning endanger lives. He was largely ostracized by the hacker community afterwards. Nicks argued, on the other hand, that it was thanks to Lamo that the government had several months to repair the damage caused by the release of diplomatic cables.
Lamo met with FBI and Army investigators on May 25 in California, and showed them the chat log. On or about that date he also gave his story to Kevin Poulsen from Wired , and on May 27 gave him a log chat and the name of Manning under the embargo. He met with the FBI again that day, at which point they told him Manning had been arrested in Iraq the day before. Poulsen and Kim Zetter broke the capture news on Wired on June 6th. Wired publishes approximately 25 percent of the chat logs on June 6 and 10, and the full log in July 2011.
Legal process
Capture and cost
Manning was arrested by the Army's Criminal Investigation Command, on May 27, 2010, and transferred four days later to Camp Arifjan in Kuwait. He was charged with multiple offenses in July, replaced by 22 indictments in March 2011, including violations of Articles 92 and 134 of the Military Code of Justice (UCMJ), and of the Espionage Act. The most serious allegation is "helping the enemy", a grave offense, though prosecutors say they will not seek the death penalty. Another accusation, which the Manning defense called "made offense" but which he found guilty, reads that Manning "naughty [causes] to be published on the US government's internet intelligence, possessing intelligence-issued knowledge on the internet, accessible to enemies".
Detention
While in Kuwait, Manning was placed at the hour of suicide after his behavior raised concerns. He was transferred from Kuwait to the Quantico Base Marine Corps, Virginia, on July 29, 2010, and was classified as a maximum prisoner with the status of Injury Prevention (POI). POI status is one of the short stops of the suicide hour, which involves checking by the guard every five minutes. His lawyer, David Coombs, a former military lawyer, said Manning was not allowed to sleep between 5 am (7 am on weekends) and 8 pm, and was made to stand or sit if he tried. She is required to remain visible at all times, including at night, which requires no access to sheets, no cushions except those built into the mattress, and blankets designed not to be shredded. Manning complained that he regarded it as a pretrial sentence.
The cell size is 6 ÃÆ'â € "12Ã, ft (1.8 x 3.6 m) windowless, containing bed, toilet, and sink. The prison has 30 cells built in U shape, and although prisoners can talk to each other, they can not see each other. His lawyer said the guards were professional, and did not try to annoy or embarrass Manning. She was allowed to walk up to an hour a day, food was taken in the cell, and she was shackled during the visit. There was access to television when placed in the corridor, and he was allowed to keep one magazine and one book. Because he was in pre-trial detention, he received a full salary.
On January 18, 2011, after Manning fell out with guards, Quantico's commander classified it as a suicide risk. Manning said the guards started issuing conflicting orders, such as "turn left, do not turn left," and upbraiding him to respond to the command with "yes" instead of "aye". Shortly thereafter, he was placed at the suicide hour, his clothes and glasses removed, and required to remain in his cell 24 hours a day. The suicide watch was lifted on January 21 after complaints from his lawyer, and the brig commander ordered him to be replaced. On March 2, she was told that her request to issue POI status - which requires, among other things, sleeping only in boxer shorts - has been rejected. His lawyer said Manning joked to the guard that, if he wanted to hurt himself, he could do it with his underwear or flip-flops. The comment caused Manning to be naked in his cell that night and sleep without clothes. The next morning alone, Manning stood naked for inspection. Following a lawyer's protest and media attention, Manning pulled out his nightwear on or before 11 March.
Conditions of detention sparked national and international concerns. Juan E. MÃÆ' Â © ndez, UN Special Rapporteur on torture, told The Guardian that the US administration's treatment of Manning was "cruel, inhuman and degrading." In January 2011 Amnesty International called on the British government to intervene because of Manning's status as a British citizen by offspring, although Manning's lawyers say Manning does not consider himself a UK citizen. The controversy claimed casualties in March that year when State Department spokesman Philip J. Crowley criticized Manning's treatment and resigned two days later. In March, 295 members of the academic legal community signed a statement stating that, contrary to former constitutional law professor President Obama's statement that Manning's confinement is "in line and meets our basic standards," Manning is subjected to "humiliating and inhuman pretrial punishment." April 20, the Pentagon transferred Manning to the Midwest Joint Plantional Correctional Facility, in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he was stationed on an 80-square-foot cell with normal windows and mattresses, which could mix with other pretrials. prisoners and store personal items in his cell.
Evidence presented in Article 32 hearing
In April 2011, a panel of experts, after completing a medical and mental evaluation from Manning, decided that he was fit to stand trial. Session 32, led by Lieutenant Colonel Paul Almanza, was held on December 16, 2011, at Fort Meade, Maryland; the trial resulted in Almanza recommending that Manning be referred to a general military court. He was indicted on February 23, 2012, and refused to file a plea.
During the hearing of Article 32, the prosecution, led by Captain Ashden Fein, presented 300,000 pages of documents as evidence, including chat logs and secret material. The court heard from two Army investigators, Special Agent David Shaver, head of digital forensics and research arm of the Army Computer Crime Investigation Unit (CCIU); and Mark Johnson, digital forensics contractor from ManTech International, who works for CCIU. They testified that they had found 100,000 State Department cables on computer workplaces used by Manning between November 2009 and May 2010; 400,000 military reports from Iraq and 91,000 from Afghanistan with SD cards found in the basement at his aunt's house in Potomac, Maryland; and 10,000 cables on their personal MacBook Pro and storage devices that they say have not been forwarded to WikiLeaks because the file is corrupt. They also recover 14 to 15 encrypted chat pages, in unallocated space on Manning's MacBook hard drive, between Manning and someone trusted as Julian Assange. Two of the chat handles, which use the Berlin Chaos Computer Club domain (ccc.de), are associated with the names of Julian Assange and Nathaniel Frank.
Johnson said he found a SSH log on a MacBook that shows an SFTP connection, from a resolved IP address to Aunt Manning's house, to a Swedish IP address with a link to WikiLeaks. Also found a text file named "Readme", which is attached to the log and written by Manning to Assange, called the Iraqi log and the Afghan War "is probably one of the most important documents of our time, eliminating the fog of war and revealing the true nature of the asymmetrical warfare of the century to-21 ". The researchers testified that they had also recovered the exchange from May 2010 between Manning and Eric Schmiedl, a Boston mathematician, in which Manning said he was the source of a Baghdad ("Collateral Murder") helicopter video. Johnson said there were two attempts to remove the material from the MacBook. The operating system was reinstalled in January 2010, and on or about January 31, 2010, attempts were made to remove the hard drive by "zero-fill", involving zero overwriting material. The material was discovered after an attempt to overwrite from unallocated space.
Lawyer Manning argues that the government has exaggerated the danger of the release of documents has caused, and has burdened Manning to force him to provide evidence against Assange. The defense also asked questions about whether Manning's confusion about his gender identity affected his behavior and decision-making.
Guilty plea, trial, sentence
The judge, Army Colonel Denise Lind, decided in January 2013 that any penalty would be reduced by 112 days due to the treatment Manning received at Quantico. On February 28, Manning pleaded guilty to 10 of 22 charges. Reading over an hour from a 35 page statement, he said he had leaked the cable "to show the true cost of war". The prosecutor pursues a military court on the remaining charges.
The trial began on June 3, 2013. Manning was convicted on July 30, on 17 of 22 counts in total, including five counts of espionage and theft, and a revised version of four other charges; he is freed from helping the enemy. The punishment phase begins the next day.
Captain Michael Worsley, a military psychologist who had treated Manning before his arrest, testified that Manning had been left isolated in the Army, trying to address the issue of gender identity in a "very masculine environment". David Moulton, a Naval forensic psychiatrist who saw Manning after the arrest, said Manning has a narcissistic nature, and shows signs of fetal alcohol syndrome and Asperger's syndrome. He said that, in leaking the material, Manning had "acted superbly [a] great ideation".
A defense psychiatrist, who testified to Manning's motives, suggested a different agenda:
Well, Pfc Manning gets the impression that his leaked information will really change the way the world views the war in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the war in the future, actually. This is an attempt to sort out the analysis of the war, and it is his opinion that if... through crowdsourcing, sufficient analysis is done on these documents, which he thinks are very important, which will lead to greater good... that the society as a whole will come to the conclusion that war is not worth it... that there is no decent war.
On August 14th, Manning apologized to the court: "I'm sorry I hurt people, I'm sorry that they hurt the United States I apologize for the unintended consequences of my actions When I make this decision I believe I will help people , does not hurt people.... At the time of my decision, I was dealing with a lot of problems. "
Manning's offense carries a maximum sentence of 90 years. The government asked for 60 years as a deterrent against others, while Manning's lawyers asked for no more than 25 years. He was sentenced on August 21 to 35 in prison, downgrades to private (private E-1 or PVP), confiscation of all salaries and benefits, and disrespect dismissal. He was given credit for 1,293 days of pre-trial proceedings, including 112 days for his treatment at Quantico, and would be eligible for parole after serving one-third of the punishment. He was locked up in the United States Discipline Barracks (USDB) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
The sentence was criticized as "unfair and unfair" by The Guardian , and as "excessive" by The New York Times .
On April 14, 2014, Manning's request for pardon was rejected; This case was submitted to the US Army Criminal Court of Appeals for further review.
Request for release
On September 3, 2013, Manning's lawyers filed a Petition for a Change of Sentence to President Obama through a pardoned attorney in the Department of Justice and the Minister of the Army John M. McHugh. The petition, filed under the official name "Bradley Manning" and using a gender-male pronoun, argues that the Manning revelation does not cause any "real damage", and that the documents in question do not deserve protection because they are insensitive. The request includes a letter of support from Amnesty International saying that Manning's leak has exposed human rights abuses. The cover letter David Coombs touched Manning's role as a disclosure of the facts, requested that Manning be granted a full pardon or that his sentence was reduced to time served.
In April 2015, Amnesty International sent a letter from Manning online where he wrote, "I am now preparing a military appeal before the first court of appeals, and my appeal team, with my lawyer Nancy Hollander and Vince Ward, wish to file our brief report before the court in the next six months.We have succeeded in getting the court to respect my gender identity by using the feminine pronoun in court files (him, her, etc.). "
In November 2016, Manning made a formal petition to President Obama to reduce the 35-year-old sentence he had served. On December 10, 2016, the White House petition to amend its sentence reached the 100,000 minimum signatures required for an official response. Lawyers familiar with the pardon application stated in December 2016 that forgiveness is unlikely; the request does not meet the usual criteria.
Commutation
In January 2017, a Justice Department source said that Manning was on President Obama's short list for possible substitutions. On January 17, 2017, President Obama alleviated all but four months remaining Manning penalty. In a press conference held on January 18, Obama stated that Manning's 35-year-old prison sentence is "highly disproportionate compared to what other leusers receive" and that "it makes sense to go - and not forgive - the penalty." Regardless of the change, Manning's military appeal will continue, with his lawyer saying, "We are fighting on his appeal to clear his name."
On January 26, 2017, in his first column for the Guardian since the turn, Manning regrets that President Obama's political opponents consistently refuse to compromise, resulting in "very few permanent achievements" during his tenure. As The Guardian sums it up, he sees Obama's legacy as "a warning against not being brave enough." In response, President Donald Trump tweeted that Manning was an "untruthful traitor" and had to be "never released."
Release
Manning was released from the Fort Leavenworth detention center at about 2am on Central Day on May 17, 2017. Despite being sentenced to court in court for dismissal disrespectfully, Manning was reported back to an active "overdrive" status without payment while his appeal was delayed.
Compare
On May 31, 2018, the US Army Criminal Appeals Court upheld the military conviction of Chelsea Manning's trial in 2013 against a violation of the Espionage Act. The court rejected Manning's view that the law was too vague to give fair notice about the criminal nature of disclosure of confidential documents. "The facts of the case," the three-judge panel decides, "does not question what national defense information means.The training and experience of the mentor shows, without a doubt, he is concerned with and understands the nature of the information he possesses, reveals and how the disclosure can have a negative impact on national defense. "The court also rejected Manning's claim that his actions in disclosing confidential information related to national security were protected by the First Amendment. Manning, the court found, "has no First Amendment right to make disclosures - doing so not only violates the secret disclosure agreement he signed, but also jeopardizes national security."
Reaction to disclosure
The publication of leaked material, particularly diplomatic cables, attracts deep coverage worldwide, with some governments blocking websites containing embarrassing details. Alan Rusbridger, editor of The Guardian, said: "I can not think of a time when there was a story produced by news organizations where the White House, the Kremlin, ChÃÆ'¡vez, India, China, everyone in the world are talking about these things... I never know stories that create such chaos that is not an event like a war or a terrorist attack. "
US Navy Adm. Michael Mullen, then Chief of Staff of the Joint Chiefs, said the leak had put the lives of American soldiers and Afghan informants in jeopardy. Journalist Glenn Greenwald argues that Manning is the most important whistleblower since Daniel Ellsberg leaked the Pentagon Papers in 1971. In an impromptu questioning session after fundraising, captured on a mobile video, President Barack Obama said that Manning "violated the law ", which was later criticized as" the influence of unlawful orders "at the upcoming Manning trial.
In 2011, Manning and WikiLeaks were partially credited, along with news reporters and political analysts, as catalysts for the Arab Spring that began in December 2010, when a wave of protesters rose against rulers across the Middle East and North Africa, after a cable leak was exposed to corruption government. In 2012, however, James L. Gelvin, an American scholar of Middle Eastern history, writes: "After the breakup [January 2011] of the Egyptian uprising... the journalists decided to abandon another term they had applied to the Tunisian uprising: the first 'WikiLeaks Revolution,' the title they adopted overemphasized the role played by the leaked American cable about corruption in provoking protests. "
The Editorial Washington Post asked why a seemingly unstable private army has been able to access and transfer sensitive material in the first place. According to his biographer, Manning's sexuality came into play by illustrating to the far right that gay men were not worthy of military service, while American mainstream thinking about Manning as a gay soldier was driven by intimidation.
A report written by the Department of Defense a year after the violation found that Manning's document leak had no significant strategic impact on US war effort. The highly-edited final report was not published until June 2017, following a Freedom of Information request by investigative reporter Jason Leopold.
Awards and awards
In 2011, Manning was awarded "Whistleblowerpreis" by the German Section of the International Bar Association of Nuclear Weapons and the Federation of German Scientists. In 2012, he was awarded the "People's Choice Award" provided by Global Exchange. In 2013, he was awarded the Peace Prize of Sean MacBride by the International Peace Bureau. In 2014, he was awarded the Sam Adams Award by Sam Adams Associates for Integrity in Intelligence.
Member of Parliament of the Icelandic and Swedish Pirate Party nominated Manning and fellow whistleblower Edward Snowden for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014. In a statement to the Nomination Committee, Pirate Party members said Manning and Snowden "have inspired change and encouraged public debate and policy changes that contribute to a more stable and peaceful world ". In 2013, Roots Action launched a petition nominating Manning for a prize that received more than 100,000 signatures.
In May 2015, Anything to Say? , an art installation made of bronze statues from Manning, Edward Snowden, and Julian Assange, stationed in Berlin Alexanderplatz for the weekend, as a "monument to courage". The German Green Party sponsored a statue made by Italian sculptor David Dormino. After that, installations were moved and exhibited in various cities in Europe.
In 2015, the magazine Paper commissioned artist Heather Dewey-Hagborg to make a 2D DNA phenotype portrait of Chelsea Manning using DNA collected from cheek swabs and hair clippings sent to artists from imprisoned soldiers. The 3D print version of the portrait premiered at the World Economic Forum in 2016. In the summer of 2017, Manning (then released from prison) and Dewey-Hagborg presented their collaboration as part of an exhibition at the Fridman Gallery in New York City.
In September 2017, Manning received the EFF Pioneer Award in recognition of his acts as a disclosure of the facts and for his work as an advocate for government transparency and transgender rights. In November, she was named "The News Maker of the Year by the magazine Out magazine," noting "her persistence in the traumatizing wind that she should be fighting against." Later that month, Bitch (magazine) listed it among the most influential creators, artists and activists of the first "Bitch 50" in pop culture, who recognized him as "the main voice for transgender rights and health care." In December, Foreign Policy respects Manning as one of forty-eight Global Thinkers 2017 â € to force the United States to question who the traitors are and who the heroes are. "
Gender transitions
2010
In an article written by Manning, he said his first public appearance as a woman was in February 2010 on leave from his military duty; Manning is happy to mingle as a woman.
2013
On August 22, 2013, the day after the verdict, Manning's lawyer issued a press release on the Today event announcing that his client was a woman, requesting that he be referred to by his new name Chelsea and the feminine pronoun. Manning's statements include the following:
When I transition to the next phase of my life, I want everyone to know who I am. I'm Manning Chelsea. I am a woman. Given what I feel, and feeling from childhood, I want to start hormone therapy as soon as possible. I hope you will support me in this transition. I also ask, starting today, you refer me by my new name and use the feminine pronoun (except in the official letter to the facility of confinement). I hope to receive letters from supporters and have a chance to write again.
The news media divided in response to Manning's request; some organizations use new names and pronouns, and others continue to use previous ones. Advocacy groups such as GLAAD, the Association of Lesbian and Gay National Journalists, and Human Rights Campaign (HRC) encourage the media to refer to Manning with his identifiable name and pronoun.
2014
In April 2014, the Kansas District Court petitioned from Manning for a valid name change. An Army spokesman stated that while the Army would update personnel records to recognize the name change, the military would continue to regard Manning as a male. Manning sought hormonal therapy and the right to live as a woman while limited, consistent with her gender dysphoria, confirmed by two army medical specialists. Such care is provided in civilian federal prisons when found to be medically necessary, but not available in military jails. The Pentagon policy at the time was regarded as a transgender individual who was not eligible to be served.
In July, the Federal Bureau of Prisons rejected a request by the Army to transfer Manning from USDB to a civil facility for the treatment of its sex dysphoria. Instead, the Army kept Manning in military custody and said it would start an imperfect gender treatment, which could include allowing him to wear women's underwear and perhaps receive hormone treatments.
On 12 August 2014, ACLU and Manning civil lawyers David Coombs said Manning had not received treatment for his gender identity conditions as previously approved by Defense Minister Hagel. They told the USDB, Hagel, and other Defense Department officials that the lawsuit would be filed if they did not confirm on September 4 that care would be given. On August 22, army spokesman Lieutenant Colonel Alayne Conway told NBC News, "The Department of Defense has approved a request by the Army leadership to provide the necessary medical care for an inmate diagnosed with gender dysphoria." Although Conway will not address the "medical needs of an individual," he says, "In general, the initial stages of treatment for individuals with gender dysphoria include psychotherapy and therapeutic elements of 'real-life experiences.' Treatments for this condition are highly individualized and generally sequential and passing. "The army refused to say when treatment would begin.
In September, Manning filed a lawsuit in federal district court in Washington, D.C., against Defense Minister Hagel, claiming he had "denied access to necessary medical care" for gender disorders. She is required to be allowed to grow her hair longer and use cosmetics, and to receive hormone treatments "to express her female sex".
2015
On February 12, 2015, USA Today reported that the USDB commander wrote in a Feb. 5 memo, "Having carefully considered the recommendation that (medical hormonal treatment) is appropriate and necessary, and weigh all security and risk related "According to USA Today, Manning remains a soldier, and the decision to administer hormone therapy is the first one for the Army. Manning is not allowed to grow her hair longer. Her ACLU lawyer, Chase Strangio, said that the delay in approving her hormonal treatment "comes at a significant cost to Chelsea and her mental health".
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Source of the article : Wikipedia
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