Thomas Alva Edison ( ; February 11, 1847 - October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor. He developed many devices that greatly affect the lives of the world, including phonographs, film cameras, and practical long-lasting electric lights. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", he was one of the first inventors to apply mass production principles and large-scale teamwork to the discovery process, and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
Edison is a prolific inventor, holding 1,093 US patents on his behalf, as well as numerous patents in England, France, and Germany. More important than the number of Edison's patents is the widespread impact of his invention: electric lights and electric utilities, voice recordings, and moving pictures of all major new industries established around the world. Edison's discovery contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These include stock tickers, mechanical sound recorders, batteries for electric cars, electric power, music recordings and moving pictures. His advanced work in this field is the result of his early career as a telegraph operator. Edison develops electricity generation and distribution systems to homes, businesses and factories - important developments in the modern industrial world. The first power station is on Pearl Street in Manhattan, New York.
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Thomas Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, and grew up in Port Huron, Michigan. He is the seventh and final son of Samuel Ogden Edison Jr. (1804-1896, born in Marshalltown, Nova Scotia) and Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810-1871, born in Chenango County, New York). His father, the son of a Loyalist refugee, has moved as a boy with a family from Nova Scotia, settling in southwestern Ontario (later called Upper Canada), in a village known as Shewsbury, then Vienna, in 1811. Samuel Jr. eventually escaped from Ontario, as he participated in the failed Mackenzie Rebellion in 1837. His father, Samuel Sr., had previously fought in the 1812 War as captain of the Middlesex First Regiment. Instead, Samuel Jr.'s struggle found him on the losing side, and he crossed over to the United States in Sarnia-Port Huron. After crossing the border, he found his way to Milan, Ohio. Its patrilineal lineage is the Netherlands through New Jersey; his real family name is "Edeson."
Edison only went to school for several months and was taught by his mother. Much of his education comes from reading R.G. Parker
Edison develops hearing problems at an early age. The cause of deafness has been associated with dengue attacks during childhood and untreated middle ear infections. Around the middle of his career, Edison connected a hearing loss that was hit in the ear by a train conductor when his chemistry lab was inside a burning car and he was thrown off a train in Smiths Creek, Michigan, along with equipment and chemicals.. In his final years, he modified the story to say the injury occurred when the conductor, in helping him to the moving train, lifted it with his ears.
The Edison family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, after the train passed through Milan in 1854 and business declined. Edison sells sweets and newspapers on trains from Port Huron to Detroit, and sells vegetables. He briefly worked as a telegraph operator in 1863 for the Great Trunk Train at a train station in Stratford, Ontario, at the age of 16. He was responsible for a near collision. He also studied qualitative analysis and conducted chemical experiments on the train until he left the job.
Edison obtained the exclusive right to sell newspapers on the street, and, with the help of four assistants, he arranged the type and printed the Grand Trunk Herald, which he sold with other letters. It started the long step of Edison's entrepreneurial endeavor, when he discovered his talent as an entrepreneur. The talent eventually led him to find 14 companies, including General Electric, which is still one of the largest public companies in the world.
Maps Thomas Edison
Telegrapher
Edison became a telegraph operator after he rescued three-year-old Jimmie MacKenzie for being hit by an escaped train. Jimmie's father, station agent J. U. MacKenzie from Mount Clemens, Michigan, is very grateful that he trained Edison as a telegraph operator. Edison's first telegraphic work from Port Huron was in Stratford Junction, Ontario, on the Grand Trunk Railway.
In 1866, at the age of 19, Edison moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where, as an employee of Western Union, he worked at the Associated Press bureau. Edison asks for the night shift, which gives him plenty of time to spend on his two favorite hobbies - reading and experimenting. Finally, his last job to get him lost his job. One night in 1867, he worked with lead-acid batteries when he spilled sulfuric acid onto the floor. It ran between the floorboards and the desks below. The next morning Edison was fired.
One of his mentors during those early years was a telegrapher and inventor named Franklin Leonard Pope, who allowed the poor young man to live and work in the basement of his Elizabethan home in New Jersey. Some of Edison's early inventions related to telegraph, including stock ticker. The first patent is for an electric voice recorder, AS. Patent 90,646 , which was given on 1 June 1869.
Marriage and children
On December 25, 1871, at the age of twenty-four, Edison married Mary Stilwell, 16 years (1855-1884), whom he met two months earlier; he is an employee in one of his stores. They have three children:
- Marion Estelle Edison (1873-1965), dubbed "Dot"
- Thomas Alva Edison Jr. (1876-1935), dubbed "Dash"
- William Leslie Edison (1878-1937) Inventor, graduate of the Sheffield School of Sciences at Yale, 1900.
Mary Edison died at the age of 29 on August 9, 1884, due to an unknown cause: possibly from a brain tumor or an overdose of morphine. Doctors often prescribe morphine to women in those years to treat a variety of causes, and researchers believe that the symptoms may come from morphine poisoning.
Edison generally preferred to spend time in the laboratory to be with his family.
On February 24, 1886, at the age of thirty-nine, Edison married 20-year-old Mina Miller (1865-1947) in Akron, Ohio. She was the daughter of inventor Lewis Miller, founder of the Chautauqua Institution, and a philanthropist of the Methodist charity. They also have three children together:
- Madeleine Edison (1888-1979), who married John Eyre Sloane.
- Charles Edison (1890-1969), New Jersey Governor (1941-1944), who took over his father's company and experimental laboratory over his father's death.
- Theodore Miller Edison (1898-1992), (MIT Physics 1923), is credited with more than 80 patents.
Mina lives longer Thomas Edison, died on August 24, 1947.
Started his career
Edison began his career as an inventor in Newark, New Jersey, with automatic repeaters and other enhanced telegraph devices, but the discovery that first gained wider notice was a phonograph in 1877. This achievement was highly unexpected by the wider community as to appear almost miraculous. Edison is known as "The Wizard of Menlo Park," New Jersey.
His first phonograph was recorded on tin foil around the notched cylinders. Despite the limited sound quality and recording can only be played multiple times, the phonograph makes Edison a celebrity. Joseph Henry, president of the National Academy of Sciences and one of America's most famous electric scientists, described Edison as "the most ingenious inventor in the country... or in any other." In April 1878, Edison went to Washington to demonstrate the phonograph before the National Academy of Sciences, US Congressman, Senator, and President Hayes. The Washington Post describes Edison as a "genius" and his presentation as "a scene... that will live in history". Although Edison was granted a patent for a phonograph in 1878, he did not develop much until Alexander Graham Bell, Chichester Bell, and Charles Tainter produced a disc in the 1880s that used a candle-lined cardboard cylinder.
Menlo Park
Research and development facilities
Edison's main innovation was the establishment of an industrial research laboratory in 1876. Built in Menlo Park, part of Raritan Township (now Edison Township in his honor) in Middlesex County, New Jersey, with funding from Edison's telegraph quadruplex sales. After a telegraph demonstration, Edison was not convinced that his original plan to sell it for $ 4,000 to $ 5,000 was true, so he asked Western Union to make an offer. He was surprised to hear they were offering $ 10,000 ($ 216,300 in dollars today.), Which he was grateful for. The quadruplex telegraph was Edison's first major financial success, and Menlo Park became the first institution set up with the specific aim of generating constant technological innovation and upgrading. Edison is legally linked to most of the findings generated there, although many employees do research and development under his direction. His staff are generally told to do his direction in research, and he makes them difficult to produce results.
William Joseph Hammer, an electrical engineer consultant, began working for Edison and began his duties as a laboratory assistant in December 1879. He assisted in experiments on telephone, phonograph, electric train, iron ore separator, electric lighting, and other developing discovery. However, Hammer works primarily on incandescent electric lights and is tasked to test and record on the device (see Historical Collection of Electrical Incandescent Hammers). In 1880, he was appointed chief engineer of Edison Lamp Works. In its first year, the plant under General Manager Francis Robbins Upton produced 50,000 lights. According to Edison, Hammer is "the pioneer of incandescent lighting". Frank J. Sprague, a competent mathematician and former naval officer, was recruited by Edward H. Johnson and joined the Edison organization in 1883. One of Sprague's contributions to the Edison Laboratory at Menlo Park is to expand Edison's mathematical method. Despite the common belief that Edison does not use mathematics, his notebook analysis reveals that he is an intelligent user of mathematical analysis performed by his assistants such as Francis Robbins Upton, for example, determines the critical parameters of his electrical lighting system including lamp endurance with the analysis of Ohm's Law, Law and Joule Economics.
Almost all Edison patents are utility patents, which are protected for a period of 17 years and include inventions or processes that are electric, mechanical, or chemical in nature. About a dozen are design patents, which protect ornamental designs up to a 14 year period. As in most patents, the invention he describes is an improvement over the prior art. Phonograph patents, on the contrary, are unprecedented because they represent the first device to record and reproduce sound.
In just a decade, Menlo Park Edison's lab has been expanded to occupy two city blocks. Edison says he wants the lab to have "stock almost any material possible". A newspaper article printed in 1887 revealed the seriousness of his claim, stating that the lab contains "eight thousand kinds of chemicals, every kind of screw made, every needle size, every type of cable or wire, human hair, horse, pig, cow, rabbit , goats, minx, camels... silk in every texture, cocoon, various types of nails, shark teeth, deer horns, turtle shells... cork, resin, lacquer and oil, ostrich feathers, peacock tails, jets , amber, rubber, all ore... "and the list goes on.
On his desk, Edison displayed a placard with a famous quotation of Sir Joshua Reynolds: "There is no way a man will not go to avoid the real work of thinking." This slogan is supposedly posted in several other locations throughout the facility.
With Menlo Park, Edison created the first industrial laboratory concerned with creating knowledge and then controlling its applications. Edison's name is registered with 1,093 patents.
Carbon transmitter
In 1876, Edison began work on improving the microphone for the phone (then called "transmitter") by developing a carbon microphone, consisting of two metal plates separated by carbon grains that would change the resistance with sound wave pressure. A steady direct current is passed between the plates through the granules and the resultant resistance varies in current modulation, creating a varying electric current that reproduces pressure varying from sound waves.
Until then, the microphone, as developed by Johann Philipp Reis and Alexander Graham Bell, worked with producing a weak current. The carbon microphone works with modulation direct current and, then, uses the transformer to transfer the resulting signal to the telephone line. Edison is one of many inventors working on the problem of creating a microphone that can be used for the phone by having it modulate the current through it. His work coincided with the loose carbon emission-contact of Emile Berliner (who lost a patent case later against Edison on the discovery of a carbon transmitter) and David Edward Hughes studied and published a paper on the physics of a loose-contact carbon emitter (a work Hughes did not do patently bother).
Edison used the concept of a carbon microphone in 1877 to create a better phone for Western Union. In 1886, Edison found a way to improve the Bell Telephone microphone, which uses loose ground-contact carbon, with his discovery that it works much better if the carbon is baked. This type began to be used in 1890 and was used in all phones along with Bell receivers until the 1980s.
It should be noted that the frequency response of the carbon microphone is limited to a narrow frequency range (400 Hz to 4000 Hz), and the device can produce significant power failures.
Power light
In 1878, Edison began working on electrical lighting systems, something he hoped could compete with gas and oil-based lighting. He started by tackling the problem of creating long-lasting incandescent bulbs, something that would be needed for indoor use. Many inventors have previously designed incandescent lamps, including Alessandro Volta's demonstration of the shining wire in 1800 and the invention by Henry Woodward and Mathew Evans. Others who develop commercially incomplete commercial light bulbs include Humphry Davy, James Bowman Lindsay, Moses G. Farmer, William E. Sawyer, Joseph Swan, and Heinrich GÃÆ'¶bel. Some of these early lights have shortcomings such as a very short life, high cost to produce, and high electric current drawn, making them difficult to apply on a commercial scale. Edison realized that in order to connect a series of electric lamps to an economically manageable size and to use the required copper wire thickness, he had to develop lights using low current. This lamp should have high resistance and use a relatively low voltage (about 110 volts).
After many experiments, first with carbon filaments and then with platinum and other metals, Edison returned to the carbon filament. The first successful test was on October 22, 1879; it lasted 13.5 hours. Edison continued to refine this design and on November 4, 1879, filed a US patent 223,898 (granted on January 27, 1880) for electric lights using "carbon filaments or rolled strips and connected to platinum contact wires". This is the first practical commercial incandescent lamp.
Although the patent describes several ways to create carbon filaments including "cotton and linen yarn, wood chips, paper rolled in various ways", it was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team found carbonized bamboo filaments that could last more than 1,200 hours. The idea of ​​using this special raw material comes from Edison who remembers his examination of several threads from bamboo fishing while relaxing on the shores of Battle Lake in the current state of Wyoming, where he and other members of the scientific team have traveled so they can clearly observe the total solar eclipse on July 29, 1878, from the Continental Divide.
In 1878, Edison formed Edison Electric Light Company in New York City with several financiers, including J. P. Morgan, Spencer Trask, and a member of the Vanderbilt family. Edison made his first public demonstration of his flash bulb on December 31, 1879, at Menlo Park. During this time he said: "We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn the candle."
Henry Villard, president of Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company, attended Edison's demonstration in 1879. Villard was impressed and asked Edison to install his electric lighting system on Villard's new steamship, which is Columbia . Despite his initial hesitation, Edison agreed to Villard's request. Most of the work was completed in May 1880, and Columbia went to New York City, where Edison and his staff installed the new Columbia lighting system. The Columbia is Edison's first commercial application for its light bulb. Edison equipment was removed from Columbia in 1895.
Lewis Latimer joined Edison Electric Light Company in 1884. Latimer has received a patent in January 1881 for the "Carbon Manufacturing Process", an enhanced method for the production of carbon filaments for light bulbs. Latimer works as an engineer, draftsman and expert witness in patent litigation on electric lights.
The George Westinghouse Company purchased Philip Diehl (1882) induction lamp patent for $ 25,000, forcing Edison patent holders to impose a more reasonable rate for the use of Edison patents and lower the price of electric lights.
On 8 October 1883, the US patent office ruled that Edison's patent was based on the work of William E. Sawyer and, therefore, invalid. Litigation continued for nearly six years, until October 6, 1889, when a judge ruled that Edison's electric lighting fixes for "high-resistance carbon filaments" were legitimate. To avoid the possibility of court battles with Joseph Swan, whose British patent was granted one year before Edison, he and Swan formed a joint company called Ediswan to produce and market the invention in England.
The Mahen Theater in Brno (in what is now Czech Republic), opened in 1882, and is the world's first public building to use the Edison electric lamp. Francis Jehl, Edison's assistant in the discovery of lights, supervised the installation. In September 2010, a statue of three giant light bulbs was erected in Brno, in front of the theater.
Power distribution
After designing a commercial electric light bulb on October 21, 1879, Edison developed an electrical "utility" to compete with existing gas light utilities. On December 17, 1880, he founded the Edison Illuminating Company, and during the 1880s, he patented a system for the distribution of electricity. The company founded the first investor-owned electric company in 1882 at Pearl Street Station, New York City. On September 4, 1882, Edison powered the electric power distribution system on Pearl Street, which provided 110 volts direct current (DC) to 59 subscribers in lower Manhattan.
In January 1882, Edison powered the first steam power plant at the Holborn Viaduct in London. The DC supply system provides power supplies for streetlights and some private residences within a short distance from the station. On January 19, 1883, the first standard incandescent lighting system using a cable above the head began operating in Roselle, New Jersey.
Current war
When Edison expanded its direct-current power delivery system (DC), it received intense competition from companies that installed an alternating current system (AC). From the early 1880s the airborne arc lighting system to the streets and large spaces has become a thriving business in the US. With the development of transformers in Europe and Westinghouse Electric in the US in 1885-1886, it became possible to send long-range ACs through thinner and cheaper cables, and "lower" the voltage at the destination to be distributed to users. It enables air conditioning to be used in street lighting and illumination for small and domestic business customers, Edison's patented low voltage DC incandescent light system is designed to supply. The DC kingdom of Edison suffers one of its main drawbacks: it is only suitable for the high density of customers found in the big cities. The DC factory Edison was unable to deliver electricity to customers more than a mile from the factory, and left a patchwork of customers not supplied between the plants. Small towns and rural areas can not afford a system of Edison style at all, leaving most of the market without electrical services. The AC company evolved into this gap.
Edison expressed the view that AC was unusable and the high voltage used was dangerous. When George Westinghouse installed his first air conditioning system in 1886, Thomas Edison personally attacked his main rival stating, "As surely as death, Westinghouse will kill a customer within six months of entering a system of any size. new and it will take a lot of experiments to make it work practically. "Many reasons have been suggested for Edison's anti-air conditioning attitude. One opinion is that the inventor can not understand the more abstract theories behind the AC and tries to avoid developing systems that he does not understand. Edison also seems to be worried about the high voltage of incorrectly installed AC systems that kill customers and injure the sale of power systems in general. Primary is the fact that Edison Electric base their design on low voltage DC and replace the standard after they install more than 100 systems, in Edison's mind, beyond question. In late 1887, Edison Electric lost market share to Westinghouse, which has built 68 AC-based power plants to 121 Edison-based DC stations. To make matters worse for Edison, Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn, Massachusetts (another AC-based competitor) built 22 power plants.
In line with the increasingly widespread competition between Edison and the AC companies is the increasing public furor over a series of deaths in the spring of 1888 caused by poles mounted on high-voltage power lines. This turned into a media frenzy against high-voltage backflows and a seemingly greedy, unfeeling-looking company that used it. Edison takes advantage of public perception of AC as dangerous, and joins New York anti-air anti-air force Harold P. Brown in a propaganda campaign, helps Brown in shocking animals with air conditioning, and supports legislation to control and severely limit installation and the AC voltage (thus making it an ineffective power delivery system) in what is now referred to as "the current battle". The development of the electric chair was used in an attempt to portray the air conditioner as having a greater lethality potential than the Westinghouse DC and smear at the same time through Edison colluding with major air rivals Brown and Westinghouse, Thomson-Houston Electric Company, to ensure the first electric chair powered by a generator AC Westinghouse.
Thomas Edison's powerful anti-air tactics do not sit well with their own shareholders. In the early 1890s, Edison's company generated far less profit than its AC rivals, and War of Currents would end in 1892 with Edison being forced out of control of his own company. That year, the finance company J.P. Morgan engineered the merger of Edison General Electric with Thomson-Houston which puts the Thomson-Houston board responsible for a new company called General Electric. General Electric now controls three quarters of the US electricity business and will compete with Westinghouse for the air conditioning market.
Findings and other projects
Fluoroscopy
Edison is credited with designing and producing the first commercially available fluoroscope, a machine that uses X-rays to take radiographs. Until Edison discovers that the calcium tungstate fluoroscopy screen produces brighter images than the barium platinum screen initially used by Wilhelm RÃÆ'¶ntgen, the technology is capable of producing very vague images.
The basic design of the Edison fluoroscope is still in use today, though Edison left the project after almost losing sight of himself and injuring his assistant, Clarence Dally. Dally made himself an enthusiastic experimental rabbit for the fluoroscopy project and exposed to toxic radiation doses. He later died of an injury associated with the exposure. In 1903, the shaken Edison said: "Do not talk to me about X-rays, I'm afraid of them."
Telegraph enhancement
The key to Edison's wealth is the telegraph. With the knowledge gained from years of working as a telegraph operator, he learned the fundamentals of electricity. This enabled him to create an initial fortune with stock ticker, the first electric-based broadcasting system. On August 9, 1892, Edison received a patent for a two-way telegraph.
Motion picture
Edison is also granted a patent for a film camera or "Kinetograph". He did electromechanical design, while his employee, W.Ã, K.Ã, L. Dickson, a photographer, worked on photographic and optical development. Much of the credit for this discovery belongs to Dickson. In 1891, Thomas Edison built the Kinetoscope viewer or peephole. This device is installed in a penny arcade, where people can watch simple short movies. Kinetographs and kinetoscopes were first exhibited publicly on May 20, 1891.
In April 1896, Vitascope Thomas Armat, produced by the Edison factory and marketed under the name Edison, was used to project moving pictures in public screenings in New York City. Later, he exhibited moving pictures with a sound soundtrack on a cylinder tape, synchronized mechanically with the film.
Officially kinetoscope entered Europe when the rich American Entrepreneur Irving T. Bush (1869-1948) bought from Continental Trading Company Frank Z. Maguire and Joseph D. Baucus a dozen machines. Bush was placed from October 17, 1894, the first kinetoscope in London. At the same time, the French company KinÃÆ'Â © toscope Edison Michel et Alexis Werner bought these machines to market in France. In the last three months of 1894, the Continental Trade Company sold hundreds of kinetoscopes in Europe (ie Holland and Italy). In Germany and Austria-Hungary, kinetoscopes were introduced by Deutsche-ÃÆ'¶sterreichische-Edison-Kinetoscop Gesellschaft, founded by Ludwig Stollwerck of Schokoladen-SÃÆ'¼sswarenfabrik Stollwerck & amp; Co of Cologne.
The first Kinetoscope arrived in Belgium at the Exposition in early 1895. Edison's KinÃÆ' To Français FranÃÆ'§ais, a Belgian company, was founded in Brussels on January 15, 1895, with the right to sell kinetoscopes in Monaco, France, and France. colony. The main investors in this company are Belgian industrialists.
On May 14, 1895, Edison's KinÃÆ' © toscope Belge was founded in Brussels. Entrepreneur Ladislas-Victor Lewitzki, who lives in London but is active in Belgium and France, took the initiative to start the business. He has contacts with Leon Gaumont and American Mutoscope and Biograph Co. In 1898, he also became a shareholder of the Company Biography and Mutoscope for France.
Edison's studio made nearly 1,200 movies. The majority of the production is a short film showing everything from acrobatics to parades to emergency calls including titles like Fred Ott's Sneeze (1894), The Kiss (1896), < i> The Great Train Robbery (1903), The Adventure of Alice in the Land of Miracles (1910), and the first Frankenstein film in 1910. In 1903, when owner of Luna Park, Coney Island announces that they will execute Topsy elephants with strangulation, poisoning, and electric shock (with electric shock parts eventually killing elephants), Edison Manufacturing sends the crew to film it, releasing it in the same year as the title Electrocuting an Elephant .
As the film business expands, competing exhibitors routinely copy and show off their own movies. To further protect the copyright in his film, Edison keeps his print on the long strip of photographic paper with the U.S. copyright office. Many of these paper prints last longer and are in better condition than the actual films of the day.
In 1908, Edison started the Moving Image Joint Venture, which is a conglomerate of nine major movie studios (commonly known as Edison Trust). Thomas Edison was the first honorary person of the Acoustical Society of America, founded in 1929.
Edison says his favorite movie is The Birth of a Nation . She thinks that the talkie has "spoiled everything" for her. "There's no good acting on the screen, they're concentrating on the sound now and forgetting how to act, I can feel it over you because I'm deaf." Her favorite stars are Mary Pickford and Clara Bow.
Mine
Beginning in the late 1870s, Thomas Edison became interested and involved with mining. High grade rare iron ore on the east coast of the United States and Edison trying to mine low grade ore. Edison developed a process using rollers and crusher that could destroy stones up to 10 tons. The dust was then shipped between three giant magnets that would attract iron ore from dust. Despite the failure of his mining company, Edison Ore Milling Company, Edison used some materials and equipment to produce cement.
In 1901, Edison visited an industrial exhibition in the Sudbury area of ​​Ontario, Canada and thought that the nickel and cobalt deposits there could be used in the production of electrical equipment. He returned as a mining miner and is credited with the original invention of the Falconbridge ore body. His attempt to mine the ore was unsuccessful, and he abandoned his mining claim in 1903. The road at Falconbridge, as well as the Edison Building, which served as Falconbridge Mines headquarters, was named for him.
Battery
The Edison Storage Battery Company was founded in 1901. With this company Edison exploited the invention of its accumulator. In 1904 already 450 people worked in the company. The first accumulator was produced for electric cars. But there are some defects. Some Customers complain about the product. When the company's capital is spent, Edison pays the company with his personal money. Not until 1910 Edison showed a mature product: Battery-Iron-Nickel with Lye as a liquid.
Rubber
Edison became concerned with America's dependence on foreign rubber supplies and determined to seek genuine rubber supplies. He joined Harvey Firestone and Henry Ford (each contributing $ 25,000) to create Edison Botanic Research Corp. in 1927 and built a laboratory in Fort Myers, Florida the following year. Edison did most research and planting, sending results and samples of rubber residues to West Orange Lab. Edison uses two-part acid-base extraction, to obtain latex from plant material after being dried and crushed into powder. After testing 17,000 plant samples, he eventually found a sufficient source at the Goldenrod plant.
West Orange and Fort Myers (1886-1931)
Edison moved from Menlo Park after the death of his first wife, Mary, in 1884, and bought a house known as "Glenmont" in 1886 as a wedding gift for his second wife, Mina, at Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey. In 1885, Thomas Edison bought a property in Fort Myers, Florida, and built what was then called Seminole Lodge as a winter retreat. Edison and Mina spent much winter in their home in Fort Myers, and Edison searched for natural rubber sources in the country.
Due to security concerns around World War I, Edison suggested establishing a science and industry committee to provide advice and research to the US military, and he chaired the Naval Consultative Council in 1915.
Edison's work on rubber takes place in a botanical research lab in Fort Myers, which has been designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark. The lab was built after Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, and Harvey Firestone pulled together $ 75,000 to form the Edison Botanical Research Corporation. Initially, only Ford and Firestone donated funds for the project while Edison did all the research. Edison, however, wants to contribute $ 25,000 as well. After testing more than 17,000 species of plants, Edison decided Solidago leavenworthii , also known as Goldenrod Leavenworth. Plants, which typically grow about 3-4 feet with a 5% latex result, are adapted by Edison through cross-breeding to produce plants twice the size and with 12% latex yield.
Thomas Edison Jr.'s Activities
Wanting to be an inventor, but not having much talent for it, Thomas Edison's son, Thomas Alva Edison Jr.. became a problem for his father and his father's business. Beginning in the 1890s, Thomas Jr. involved in snake oil products and fraudulent and cheating companies that produce products sold to the public as "The New Edison Discovery ". The situation got so bad that Thomas Sr. had to take his son to court to stop the practice, finally agreed to pay Thomas Jr. allowance of $ 35.00 (equivalent to $ 953 in 2017) per week, in exchange for not using the name Edison; his son started using aliases, like Burton Willard. Thomas Jr., who suffered from alcoholism, depression, and ill health, worked in some menial jobs, but in 1931 (near the end of his life) he would get a role in Edison's company, thanks to his brother's interference.
Last year
Henry Ford, the automotive king, then lived a few hundred yards from Edison on his winter retreat in Fort Myers. Ford had worked as an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company of Detroit and met Edison at a convention of an affiliated Edison company in Brooklyn, NY in 1896. Edison was impressed with Ford's internal combustion engine and encouraged its development. They were friends until Edison's death. Edison and Ford traveled on an annual motorcycle trip from 1914 to 1924. Harvey Firestone and John Burroughs also participated.
In 1928, Edison joined Fort Myers Civitan Club. He strongly believes in the organization, writes that "The Civitan Club is doing things - big things - for people, countries and nations, and I certainly consider it an honor to be numbered in its ranks." He was an active member at the club until his death, sometimes bringing Henry Ford to a club meeting.
Edison is active in business till the end. Just a few months before his death, Lackawanna Railroad inaugurated suburban rail service from Hoboken to Montclair, Dover, and Gladstone, New Jersey. The electric transmission for this service is by using the upper catenary system using direct current, which Edison has championed. Despite its weak condition, Edison was at the end of the first MU electric train (Multiple-Unit) to depart from Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken in September 1930, riding the first train a mile through the Hoboken yard on the way to South Orange.
This car fleet will serve passengers in northern New Jersey for the next 54 years until retirement in 1984. A plaque commemorating Edison's inaugural trip can be seen today in the Lackawanna Terminal lounge in Hoboken, which is currently operated by New Jersey Transit.
Edison is said to have been influenced by the popular fashion diet in recent years; "The only liquid he consumes is a pint of milk every three hours". He reportedly believes this diet will restore his health. However, the story is doubtful. In 1930, the year before Edison died, Mina said in an interview about him, "Eating right is one of his greatest hobbies." He also said that during one of his periodic "big scientific adventures", Edison would wake up at 7:00, breakfast at 8:00, and rarely go home for lunch or dinner, implying that he continues to have all three.
Edison became the owner of Milan, Ohio, where he was born in 1906. On his last visit, in 1923, he was reportedly surprised to find his old house still illuminated by lights and candles.
Death
Edison died of a diabetic complication on October 18, 1931, at his home, "Glenmont" at Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey, which he bought in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina. Pdt. Stephen J. Herben led the funeral; Edison is buried in the back of the house.
Edison's last breath was reportedly contained in a test tube at the Henry Ford museum near Detroit. Ford reportedly convinced Charles Edison to seal an air test tube in the inventor room shortly after his death, as a memento. A death mask of casts and Edison hand prints were also made. Mina died in 1947.
Views on politics, religion and metaphysics
Historian Paul Israel has characterized Edison as a "free thinker". Edison was strongly influenced by Thomas Paine The Age of Reason . Edison defended Paine's "scientific dees," saying, "He has been called an atheist, but an atheist he does not, Paine believes in supreme intelligence, as representing ideas often expressed by others by the name of a god." In an October 2, 1910, interview at New York Times Magazine, Edison stated:
Nature is what we know. We do not know the gods of religion. And nature is not good, or merciful, or loving. If God created me - the famous God of the three qualities I say: compassion, kindness, love - He also makes the fish I catch and eat. And where is His mercy, kindness, and love for the fish enter? No; nature makes us - nature does it all - not the god of religion.
Edison was accused of being an atheist for the statement, and although he did not allow himself to be drawn into controversy publicly, he clarified himself in a personal letter:
You have misunderstood the entire article, as you jump to the conclusion that it denies the existence of God. There is no such denial, what you call God, I call Nature, the highest intelligence that governs the problem. All articles state that it is doubtful in my opinion that our intelligence or soul or whatever it calls life subsequently as an entity or dissolve from whence it comes, is scattered among the cells in which we are created.
He also stated, "I do not believe in God the theologians, but that there is Great Intelligence, I have no doubt."
Nonviolence was the key to Edison's moral view, and when asked to serve as a naval consultant for World War I, he mentioned he would work only on defense weapons and then noted, "I am proud of the fact that I have never created a weapon to kill. "Edison's nonviolent philosophy extends to the animal as well, which he declares:" Nonviolence leads to the highest ethics, which is the goal of all evolution, until we stop harming all other living things, we are still wild. " He is a vegetarian but not a vegan in actual practice, at least towards the end of his life.
In 1920, Edison sparked a media sensation when he told B. C. Forbes of American Magazine that he was working on a "spirit phone" to allow communication with the dead, a story repeated by other newspapers and magazines. Edison later rejected the idea, told the New York Times in 1926 that "I really have nothing to tell him, but I hate to disappoint him, so I'm thinking about this story about communicating with spirits , but that's all a joke. "
Display on money
Thomas Edison is a lawyer for monetary reform in the United States. He strongly opposes the gold standard and money-based debt. Famous, he was quoted in the New York Times stating "Gold is a relic of Julius Caesar, and interest is the discovery of Satan."
In the same article, he explains about the absurdity of the monetary system in which US taxpayers, who need loans, can be forced to pay in return, perhaps double the principal, or even larger amounts, because of interest. The basic basis is that, if the Government can generate debt-based money, it could be the same as making money that is a credit to taxpayers.
He thought at length about the money issue in 1921 and 1922. In May 1922, he published a proposal, entitled "A Proposed Amendment to the Federal Reserve Banking System". In it, he detailed the explanation of commodity-backed currencies, in which the Federal Reserve will issue interest-free currency for farmers, based on the value of the commodities they produce. During the publicity tour he did with his friend and fellow inventor, Henry Ford, he spoke publicly of his desire for monetary reform. For insight, he corresponds to a prominent academic and banking professional. Ultimately, however, Edison's proposal failed to find support and was eventually abandoned.
Awards
President of the Third French Republic, Jules Grà © Ã… © vy, on the recommendation of his Foreign Minister, Jules BarthÃÆ'  © lemy-Saint-Hilaire, and with a presentation of the Minister of Posts and Telegraph, Louis Cochery, appointed by Edison with a distinction from an Honorary Legion Officer (LÃÆ'  © gion d'honneur) with a decision on 10 November 1881; Edison was also named Chevalier in the Legion in 1879, and a Commander in 1889.
In 1887, Edison won the Matteucci Medal. In 1890, he was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Philadelphia City Council named Edison the recipient of the John Scott Medal in 1889.
Pada 1899, Edison dianugerahi Edward Longstreth Medal of The Franklin Institute.
He was appointed Honourable Consulting Engineer at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's exhibition in 1904.
Pada tahun 1908, Edison menerima American Association of Engineering Societies John Fritz Medal.
In 1915, Edison was awarded the Franklin Medal of The Franklin Institute for discoveries that contribute to the foundation of the industry and the welfare of mankind.
In 1920, the US Department of the Navy awarded him the Navy's Distinguished Service Medal.
In 1923, the American Institute of Electrical Engineering created the Edison Medal and he was the first recipient.
In 1927, he was granted membership at the National Academy of Sciences.
On May 29, 1928, Edison received the Congressional Gold Medal.
In 1983, the United States Congress, based on the Joint Resolution Senate 140 (Public Law 97--198), was adopted on February 11, Edison's birthday, as National Inventor Day.
Life magazine (USA), in a special double edition in 1997, placed Edison first on the "100 Most Important People in the Last 1000 Years" list, noting that the light bulb he promoted "flashed to the world". In the 2005 television series The Greatest American, he was chosen by the audience as the fifteenth largest.
In 2008, Edison was sworn in the New Jersey Hall of Fame.
In 2010, Edison was awarded a Technical Grammy.
In 2011, Edison was sworn into Entrepreneur Walk of Fame and was named Great Floridian by the Florida Governor and Cabinet.
Tributes
Place and people named Edison
Some places are named after Edison, especially the city of Edison, New Jersey. Thomas Edison State University, known nationally for adult learners, is in Trenton, New Jersey. Two colleges are named for him: Edison State College (now Florida SouthWestern State College) in Fort Myers, Florida, and Edison Community College in Piqua, Ohio. There are many high schools named Edison (see Edison High School) and other schools including Thomas A. Edison Middle School. Peléba's soccer father was originally named him Edson, in recognition of the inventor of the light bulb, but the name was incorrectly listed on his birth certificate as "Edison".
The small town of Alva in eastern Fort Myers takes the middle name of Edison.
In 1883, the City Hotel in Sunbury, Pennsylvania was the first building to be lit with a three-wire Edison system. The hotel was renamed The Hotel Edison after Edison returned to the city in 1922.
Lake Thomas A Edison in California is named after Edison to mark the 75th anniversary of an incandescent bulb.
Edison was on hand to turn on the lights at the Edison Hotel in New York City when it opened in 1931.
Three bridges around the United States were named Edison honors: Edison Bridge in New Jersey, Edison Bridge in Florida, and Edison Bridge in Ohio.
In the sky, his name is celebrated on the Edisona asteroid 742.
Museums and warnings
In West Orange, New Jersey, the 13.5-hectare Glenmont plantation (5.5 acres) is operated and operated by the National Park Service as Edison National Historic Site, such as its nearby laboratory and workshop including the reconstructed "Maria Maria" - the world's first film studio. The Thomas Alva Edison Memorial Tower and Museum are located in the town of Edison, New Jersey. In Beaumont, Texas, there is the Edison Museum, although Edison never visited there. The Port Huron Museum, in Port Huron, Michigan, restored the original depot Thomas Edison used as a young butcher. Depot has been named Thomas Edison Depot Museum. The city has many of Edison's historic landmarks, including Edison's parent's grave, and a monument along the River St. Clair. Edison's influence can be seen throughout this 32,000 city.
In Detroit, the Edison Memorial Fountain at Grand Circus Park was created to honor his achievements. Lime fountain dedicated on October 21, 1929, the fiftieth anniversary of the creation of a light bulb. That same night, The Edison Institute was ordained near Dearborn.
He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1969.
The Edison bronze statue is placed in the National Statue Collection Hall in the United States Capitol in 2016, with a formal service ceremony held on September 20 that year. The Edison Statue replaced one of the nineteenth-century state governors of William Allen who became one of the two contributions that Ohio allowed for the collection.
Company with name Edison
- Edison General Electric, joined Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric
- The Commonwealth of Edison, now part of Exelon
- Consolidated Edison
- Edison International
- Detroit Edison, DTE Energy unit
- Edison S.p.A., Italenergia unit
- The trade association of Edison Electric Institute, a lobby group and research for utilities owned by investors in the United States
- Edison Ore-Milling Company
- Edison Portland Cement Company
- Ohio Edison (joined Centerior in 1997 to form First Energy)
- Edison Southern California
Awards are named in honor of Edison
The Edison Medal was made on February 11, 1904 by a group of friends and associates of Edison. Four years later the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE), then IEEE, signed an agreement with the group to present the medal as the highest award. The first medal was presented in 1909 to Elihu Thomson. It is the oldest award in electronics and electronics engineering, and is presented annually "for a career in electrical engineering, electrical engineering or electrical art."
In the Netherlands, the main music award was named after the Edison Award. This award is an annual Dutch music awards, awarded for outstanding achievements in the music industry, and is one of the oldest music awards in the world, which has been presented since 1960.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers recognizes the Thomas A. Edison Patent Award for an individual patent since 2000.
Another item named Edison
The US Navy named the USS Edison (DD-439), the destroyer of the Gleaves class, in honor of it in 1940. The ship was closed several months after the end of World War II. In 1962, the Navy commissioned the USS Thomas A. Edison (SSBN-610), a nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine.
In popular culture
Thomas Edison has appeared in popular culture as a character in novels, movies, comics, and video games. His productive looks helped make him an icon and he has made appearances in popular culture throughout his lifetime to this day. Edison is also depicted in popular culture as the enemy of Nikola Tesla.
"Camping with Henry and Tom", a fictional game based on Edison's camping trip with Henry Ford, written by Mark St.Gemain. First presented at Lucille Lortel Theater, New York, February 20, 1995.
On February 11, 2011, on the 164th anniversary of Thomas Edison, the Google homepage features an animated Google Doodle that commemorates many of his discoveries. When the cursor is above the doodle, a series of mechanisms appear to move, causing the bulb to turn on.
List of people working for Edison
The following is a list of people who work for Thomas Edison at his lab in Menlo Park or West Orange or in the business of the subsidiary electricity he supervises.
- Edward Goodrich Acheson - chemist, worked at Menlo Park 1880-1884
- William Symes Andrews - starting at Menlo Park 1879 machine shop
- Charles Batchelor - "primary trial assistant"
- John I. Beggs - manager of Edison Illuminating Company in New York, 1886
- William Kennedy Dickson - joined Menlo Park in 1823, working on film cameras
- Justus B. Entz - joined Edison Machine Works in 1887
- Reginald Fessenden - worked at Edison Machine Works in 1886
- Henry Ford - engineer Edison Illuminating Company Detroit, Michigan, 1891-1899
- William Joseph Hammer - started as Menlo Park's laboratory assistant in 1879
- Miller Reese Hutchison - inventor of hearing aids
- Edward Hibberd Johnson - started in 1909, chief engineer at West Orange lab 1912-1918
- Samuel Insull - started in 1881, rose to VP General Electric (1892) then President of Chicago Edison
- Kunihiko Iwadare - joined Edison Machine Works in 1887
- Francis Jehl - laboratory assistant of Menlo Park 1879-1882
- Arthur E. Kennelly - engineer, researcher at West Orange lab 1887-1894
- John Kruesi - starting in 1872, was chief engineer, in Newark, Menlo Park, Edison Machine Works
- Lewis Howard Latimer - hired 1884 as a draftsman, continues to work for General Electric
- John W. Lieb - worked at Edison Machine Works in 1881
- Thomas Commerford Martin - electrical engineer, working at Menlo Park 1877-1879
- George F. Morrison - started in Edison Lamp Works 1882
- Edwin Stanton Porter - joined Edison Manufacturing Company 1899
- Frank J. Sprague - Joining Menlo Park 1883, known as the "Father of Electric Traction".
- Nikola Tesla - electrical engineer and inventor, working at Edison Machine Works in 1884
- Francis Robbins Upton - mathematician/physicist, joined Menlo Park 1878
See also
- List of Edison patents
- Birthplace of Thomas Alva Edison
- Thomas Edison National Historic Park
- Edison Pioneers - a group formed in 1918 by employees and other associates of Thomas Edison
References
Bibliography
External links
Museum
- Menlo Park Museum and Edison Memorial Tower
- Thomas Edison National Historical Park (National Park Service)
- The Edison Exhibition and the Menlo Park Laboratory at the Henry Ford Museum
- The Edison Museum
- Edison Depot Museum
- The Edison Birthplace Museum
- Thomas Edison House
Information and media
- Thomas Edison in EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica
- Thomas Edison on In Our Time on the BBC.
- An interview with Thomas Edison in 1931
- Thomas Edison's Diary
- Thomas Edison's work on Project Gutenberg
- Works based on or about Thomas Edison in the Internet Archive
- Edison's patent application for light bulbs in the National Archives.
- Thomas Edison on IMDb
- "January 4, 1903: Edison Fry the Elephant to Prove His Point" - Wired article on "Edison's plot form of a series of animal electrocutions using air conditioning."
- "Factory of Discovery: Thomas Edison National Park Laboratory" (NPS)
- Thomas Edison Manuscripts and Personal Letters
- Edison, Life and Its Discovery in Project Gutenberg by Frank Lewis Dyer and Thomas Commerford Martin.
- The short film The Story of Thomas Alva Edison is available for free download on the Internet Archive
- Edison Papers Rutgers.
- Edisonian Electric Antique Museum
- Edison Innovation Foundation - The non-profit foundation that supports Thomas Edison's legacy.
- Thomas Alva Edison in the Search of the Mausoleum
- The Famous Vaginadi Henry Ford Heritage Association
- "World's Largest Inventor" October 1931, Popular Mechanics . Details, pictorial articles.
- 14 minutes of "instructional" film with fictitious elements Thomas Edison's childhood from 1964, produced by Coronet, published by archive.org
- "A day with Thomas A. Edison" Video on YouTube - 1922 - Rare rare documentary film
- "Edison's Miracle of Light" PBS - American Experience . In Premier January 2015.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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