A mnemonic ( , "m" first is silent) device , or memory device , is any learning technique which helps retention of information or retrieval (recall) in human memory. Mnemonics utilize elaborative encoding, retrieval gestures, and imagery as special tools to encode information provided in a manner that enables efficient storage and retrieval. Mnemonics help the original information become associated with something more accessible or meaningful - which, in turn, provides better information retention. Frequent mnemonics are often used for listening and in the form of hearing, such as short poems, acronyms or catchy phrases, but mnemonics can also be used for other types of information and in visual or kinesthetic form. Their use is based on the observation that the human mind is more easily remembering spatial, personal, shocking, physical, sexual, funny, or "relatable" information, rather than a more abstract or impersonal form of information.
The word "mnemonic" comes from the ancient Greek word ?????????? (mn? monikos), meaning "memory, or memory-related" and associated with Mnemosyne ("dhikr"), the name of the goddess of memory in Greek mythology. Both of these words come from ????? ( mn? m? ), "memory, memory". Mnemonics in antiquity are most often considered in the context of what is today known as the art of memory.
Ancient Greeks and Romans distinguish between two types of memory: "natural" memory and "artificial" memory. The first is innate, and is one that everyone instinctively uses. The latter should instead be trained and developed through the learning and practice of various mnemonic techniques.
The mnemonic system is a technique or strategy that is consciously used to improve memory. They help to use information stored in long-term memory to make memorization an easier task.
Video Mnemonic
History
The common name mnemonic , or memoria technica, is the name applied to the device to aid memory, to allow the mind to reproduce a relatively unknown idea, and especially the series of ideas that separated, by connecting it, or them, in some artificial part, mutually suggestive parts. The mnemonic device is widely cultivated by Greek sofis and philosophers and is often referred to by Plato and Aristotle. Later, poet Simonides is credited for the development of these techniques, perhaps without reason other than his famous memory strength. Cicero, of great importance to art, but rather to the principle of order as the best aid to memory, speaks of Carneades (possibly Charmades) of Athens and Metrodorus of Scepsis as distinguished examples of those who use well-ordered images to aid Memories. The Romans appreciate such help to support public speaking facilities.
The Greek and Roman mnemonic system was founded on the use of mental places and marks or images, known as "topical" mnemonics. The most common method is to choose a large house, where apartments, walls, windows, sculptures, furniture, etc., each associated with a particular name, phrase, event or idea, using a symbolic image. To remember this, an individual just has to search over the apartment house until it finds the place where the image has been placed by the imagination.
In accordance with the system, if it is desired to set a historic date in memory, it is localized in an imaginary city divided into a number of districts, each with ten houses, each house with ten rooms, and each room with one hundred squares or memory spots, on the floor, some on four walls, some on the roof. Therefore, if it is desired to correct in memory the date of invention of printing (1436), imaginary book, or some other printing symbol, will be placed in the 26th square or place of memory from the fourth space. from the first house in the historic district of the city. Except that the mnemonic rule is called by Martianus Capella, nothing further is known about this practice until the 13th century.
Among Roger Bacon's thicker writings is the De Arte Memorativa treaty. Ramon Llull pays particular attention to mnemonics in respect of his generalist ars. The first important modification of the Roman method was that created by German poet Konrad Celtes, who, in his book Epitoma in utramque Ciceronis rhetoricam cum arte memorativa nova (1492), uses an alphabetical letter for association instead the place. Around the end of the fifteenth century, Peter de Ravenna (b.1448) provoked amazement in Italy with his mnemonic feats that many believed to be astrologers. His Phoenix memoriae (Venice, 1491, 4 vols.) Has gone through nine editions, the seventh published in Cologne in 1608.
Around the end of the 16th century, Lambert Schenkel ( Gazophylacium , 1610), who taught mnemonics in France, Italy and Germany, also surprised people with his memories. He was criticized as a shaman by the University of Louvain, but in 1593 he published his treaty De Memoria in Douai with sanctions from the famous faculty of theology. The most complete record of his system is given in two works by his disciple Martin Sommer, published in Venice in 1619. In 1618 John Willis (d. 1628?) Publishes Mnemonica; sive ars reminiscendi , contains a clear statement about the principle of topical or local mnemonics. Giordano Bruno incorporated memory technica in his treatise De umbris idearum, as part of his study of the generalist ars of Llull. Other writers in this period were Florentine Publicius (1482); Johannes Romberch (1533); Hieronimo Morafiot, Ars memoriae (1602); and B. Porta, Ars reminiscendi (1602).
In 1648 Stanislaus Mink von Wennsshein reveals what he calls "the most fertile secrets" in mnemonics - using consonants for numbers, thus expressing numbers with words (vowels added as needed), to make associations easier to remember. The philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz adopted a very similar alphabet to Wennsshein because his scripts were writings that were common to all languages.
The Wennsshein method was adopted with minor changes subsequently by the majority of the next "authentic" system. It was modified and furnished by Richard Gray (1694-1771), a priest who published Memoria technica in 1730. The main part of the Gray method is this brief:
To remember anything in history, chronology, geography, etc., A word is formed, which was originally the first syllable or syllable to be searched, done by repetitive repetition, of course drawing after the last part, so contrived to give the answer. Thus, in history, the Flood occurred in the year before Christ two thousand three hundred forty-eight; this is marked with the word Del- etok , Del stands for Deluge and ethok for 2348.
(The method can be compared to the Hebrew system in which the letters also represent numbers, and therefore the words for the date.)
To help in retaining the mnemonic words in memory, they are formed into a warning line. Such strange words in a difficult hexameter arrangement are not at all easy to remember. The vowel or consonant, which Gray associates with a particular figure, is arbitrarily chosen.
The modifications were then made in 1806 Gregor von Feinaigle, a German monk from Salem near Constance. While living and working in Paris, he describes the mnemonic system in which (as in Wennsshein) numerical numbers are represented by the selected letters due to some similarities to the figure or unintentional connection with it. The alphabet is equipped with a complicated place and sign system. Feinaigle, who apparently did not publish any written documentation of this method, went to England in 1811. The following year, one of his students published The New Art of Memory (1812), giving the Feinaigle system. In addition, it contains valuable historical material about the previous system.
Other mnemonists then publish simplified forms, because more complex abuses are generally abandoned. The methods established primarily in the so-called law of association (cf. mental association) are taught successfully in Germany.
Maps Mnemonic
Type
- 1. Music mnemonics
- Songs and jingles can be used as mnemonic. A common example is how children remember the alphabet by singing ABC songs.
- 2. Name mnemonic (acronym)
- The first letter of each word is combined into a new word. For example: VIBGYOR (or ROY G BIV) for rainbow colors or HOMES for Great Lakes.
- 3. Expression or word mnemonic
- The first letter of each word is combined to form a phrase or sentence - e.g. "Richard of York fought in vain" for the color of the rainbow.
- 4. The mnemonic model
- A model is used to help remember information.
- 5. mnemonic ode
- Information is placed into poetry or doggerel, eg. Note the socer, generic, liberi, and Liber god revelry, as this puer maintains' e (mostly Latin words from the second declaration ending with -er drop -e in all oblique cases except vatif, this is an exception).
- 6. Pay attention to organizational mnemonics
- Organization records method can be used as a memorization technique.
- 7. Mnemonic image
- Information is constructed into images - ie. a weak German slump can be remembered as five '-e', looks somewhat like the state of Oklahoma in America, in the '-en' oceans.
- 8. The mnemonic connection
- New knowledge is connected to known knowledge.
- 9. Mnemonic spelling
- An example is " i before e except after c or when it sounds like a in the neighbor and weigh ".
Apps and examples
Various mnemonics are used for several purposes. The most commonly used mnemonics are for lists, numerical sequences, foreign language acquisitions, and medical care for patients with memory deficits.
For list
A common mnemonic to remember a list is to make a memorable acronym, or, pick up every initial letter of a member list, make a catchy phrase in which words with the same acronym as the material. The mnemonic technique can be applied to most of the new material memorization.
Some common examples for first letter mnemonics:
- "Memory Requirement of Any Method to Maintain Its Capacity" is mnemonic to spell 'mnemonic.'
- "Maybe Not Every Mnemonic Oozes Nuisance Intensely Concentrated" is probably a less common mnemonic to spell 'mnemonic', but the benefits are a bit funny and memorable.
- The order of sharp objects in key-note notation is F?, C?, G?, D?, A?, E? and B ?, giving mnemonic "Pastor Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle". The flat sequence is the opposite: B ?, E?, A?, D?, G ?, C? and F? ("Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father").
- To memorize the colors of the rainbow: the phrase "Richard Of York Gives a Battle In Vain" - each initial letter matches the color of the rainbow to (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Purple)). Another example is the phrase "Run your grandmother out of violence" or the fantasy name "Roy G. Biv".
- To memorize the Great Lakes of North America: the acronym HOMES - matches the letters of the five lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior)
- To memorize the color codes as used in electronics: the phrase "Bill Brown Just Brought Yesterday Good Boys Value Good Work" represents in the order of 10 colors and numerical sequence: black (0), brown (1), red (2), orange (3), yellow (4), green (5), blue (6), purple or purple (7), gray (8), and white (9).
- To memorize chemical reactions, such as redox reactions, where it is common to mix oxidation and reduction, the short phrase "LEO (Lose Electron Oxidation) lion says GER (Gain Electron Reduction)" or "Oil Rig" can be used - from "Oxidation loss, Reduction is gain". John "Doc" Walters, who teaches physics at Browne & amp; Nichols School in Cambridge, Massachusetts in the 1950s and 1960s, taught his students to use for this purpose RACOLA acronyms: Reduction is the addition of electrons and occurs in the cathode; Oxidation Loss of electrons and occurs in Anode.
- To memorize the names of planets and Pluto, use planetary mnemonic: "My Very Educated Mother Serves Us Only Nacho" or "My Very Easy Method Is Just Speeding Naming the Planet" or "My Very Educated Mum Just Shows Us Nine Planets" - at where each initial letter matches the name of the planet in our solar system (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, [Pluto]).
- To memorize the star's classification sequence: "Oh, Be A Fine Girl, Kiss Me" - where O, B, A, F, G, K, M are star categories.
For numerical sequence and mathematical operations
The mnemonic or poetical phrase can be used to encode numerical sequences by various methods; one common one is to create a new phrase where the number of letters in each word represents digits based on pi. For example, the first 15 digits of the constant constant pi (3.14159265358979) can be encoded as "Now I need a drink, alcoholics of course, after a heavy lecture involving quantum mechanics"; "Now", has 3 letters, representing the first number, 3. Piphilology is a practice dedicated to creating mnemonics for pi.
Others are used to "calculate" multiples of 9 to 9 ÃÆ'â € "10 using a person's finger. Start by stretching out your hands with all your outstretched fingers. Now calculate left to right the number of fingers showing the multiples. For example, for figure 9 ÃÆ'â € "4, count four fingers from the left, ending in the index finger of your left hand. Bend this finger down and count the remaining fingers. The finger to the left of the bent finger represents dozens, the finger to the right is one. There are three fingers to the left and six to the right, which shows 9 ÃÆ'â € "4 = 36. It works for 9 ÃÆ'â €" 1 to 9 ÃÆ'â € "10.
To remember the rules of adding and multiplying the two signed numbers, Balbuena and Buayan (2015) drew a letter strategy (like marks, adds: unlike marks, less) and LPUNs (like signs, positives, unlike signs, negatives), respectively -something.
For foreign language acquisition
Mnemonics can be helpful in learning a foreign language, for example by transforming difficult foreign words with words in languages ​​already known to learners, also called "cognates" which are very common in Spanish. A useful technique is to find keywords, words that have the same pronunciation in the language known as the target word, and associate it visually or auditorally with the target word.
For example, in trying to help learners to remember ohel (????), the Hebrew word for the tent , the linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann suggested a memorable phrase " Oh shit , there is a raccoon in my tent ". A memorable sentence "There is a fork on Ma's foot " helps the learner remember that the Hebrew word for fork mazleg > (??? ?) Similarly, to remember the Hebrew word bayit (???), which means house , one can use the phrase "it is beautiful home I want to buy it . "The linguist Michel Thomas teaches students to remember that estar is a Spanish word to be by using the phrase" to be star".
Another Spanish example is to use mnemonic "Vin Diesel Has Ten Weapons" to teach the verb irregular command in your form. The form and form of Spanish verbs are regularly seen as the hardest part of learning the language. With a high number of compound word verbs, and many verb forms that are not found in English, the Spanish verbs can be difficult to remember and then conjugate. The use of mnemonics has been shown to help students better learn a foreign language, and this applies to Spanish verbs. A very difficult verb to remember is a command verb. Command verbs in Spanish are conjugated differently depending on who the order is given. The phrase, when pronounced with a Spanish accent, is used to remember "Ven Di Sal Haz Ten Ve Pon SÃÆ'Ã… ©", all the irregular Spanish command verbs in your form. This mnemonic helps students try to memorize different verb forms. Another technique is for gender language learners to associate the mental images of their words with colors that match the gender in the target language. An example here is to remember the Spanish word for "feet," For patients with memory deficits
Mnemonics can be used to help patients with memory deficits that can be caused by head injury, stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis and other neurological conditions.
In a study conducted by Doornhein and De Haan, patients were treated with six different memory strategies including the mnemonic technique. The results concluded that there was a significant increase in the immediate and delayed subtances of RBMT, delayed withdrawal on the Promise test, and the relative assessment of the MAC from patients receiving mnemonic treatment. However, in the case of stroke patients, the results were not statistically significant.
Effectiveness
The academic study of the use of mnemonics has shown its effectiveness. In one such experiment, subjects of different ages who applied mnemonic techniques to learn new vocabularies outperformed a control group that applied contextual learning and free learning styles.
Mnemonics have varying effectiveness for some groups ranging from children to elderly. The mnemonic learning strategy takes time and resources by educators to develop creative and effective tools. The simplest and most creative mnemonic tools are usually most effective for teaching. In the classroom, the mnemonic device should be used at the right time in the instructional order to achieve its maximum effectiveness.
Mnemonics are seen as more effective for groups of people who struggle or have weak, long-term memories, such as parents. Five years after the mnemonic training, the research team followed up on 112 adults living in the community, age 60 and above. Delayed delays from the glossary are assessed before, and immediately follow the mnemonic training, and at 5 years of follow-up. Overall, there was no significant difference between the recall words before the training and those on display at follow-up. However, the pre-training performance score increases in performance immediately after the training and the use of mnemonic performance predictions on follow-up. Individuals self-reported using mnemonics showed the highest overall performance, with scores that were significantly higher than in pre-training. The findings suggest that mnemonic training has long-term benefits for some older adults, especially those who continue to use mnemonic.
This is in contrast to the study of a survey of medical students who are roughly 20% who often use the mnemonic acronym.
In humans, the aging process primarily affects the medial temporal lobe and the hippocampus, where the episodic memory is synthesized. Episodic memory stores information about goods, objects, or features with a spatiotemporal context. Because mnemonics help better in recalling spatial or physical information rather than more abstract forms, the effects may vary according to the age of the subject and how well the medial temporal lobe of the subject and the hippocampus function.
This may be further elaborated by a recent study showing a general deficit in memory for spatial sites in advanced adults (mean age 69.7 with standard deviation of 7.4 years) compared with young adults (mean age 21.7 with a standard deviation of 4.2 years). Interestingly, at first, differences in target recognition were insignificant.
The researchers then divided the aged adults into two aged, undisturbed and elderly groups, according to a neuropsychological test. With a divided age group, there is a clear deficit in targeted recognition in older adults compared with young adults and unaffected adults. This further supports the varied effectiveness of mnemonics in different age groups.
In addition, different studies were conducted earlier with the same idea, presented with results similar to Reagh et al. in the duty of verbal mnemonic discrimination.
Studies (especially "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two") suggest that the short-term memory of adult humans can only store a limited number of items; grouping items into larger pieces as in mnemonic may be part of what allows retention of the greater total amount of information in short-term memory, which in turn can help in the creation of long-term memory.
See also
- List of mnemonics
- List of visual mnemonics
- Memory
- Sports memory
- Locus method
- The mnemonic dominance system
- The mnemonic goroawase system
- Mnemonic linking system
- The main system mnemonic
- The mnemonic peg system
- Mnemonics in the assembler programming language
- The mnemonic (ad) effect
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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