Immunotherapy is "the treatment of the disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing the immune response". Immunotherapies designed to acquire or strengthen the immune response are classified as activated immunotherapy, while reducing or suppressing immunotherapy is classified as immunotherapy suppression.
In recent years, immunotherapy has been a major concern for researchers, doctors and pharmaceutical companies, especially in its promise to treat various forms of cancer.
Immunomodulatory regimens often have fewer side effects than existing drugs, including less potential for creating resistance when treating microbial diseases.
Cell-based immunotherapy is effective for some cancers. Immune effector cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells (NK Cell), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), etc., work together to defend the body against cancer by targeting abnormal antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells.
Therapies such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferon, imiquimod and cell membrane fractions of bacteria are licensed for medical use. Others include IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, various chemokines, synthetic cytosine phosphate-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides and glucan involved in clinical and preclinical studies.
Video Immunotherapy
Immunomodulator
Immunomodulator is an active agent of immunotherapy. They are a variety of recombinant, synthetic, and natural preparations.
Maps Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy activation
Cancer
Cancer immunotherapy tries to stimulate the immune system to destroy the tumor. Various strategies are in use or are undergoing research and testing. Randomized controlled studies on different cancers resulted in a significant increase in survival and disease free periods have been reported and their efficacy increased by 20-30% when cell-based immunotherapy was combined with conventional treatment methods.
One of the oldest forms of cancer immunotherapy is the use of BCG vaccine, which was originally to vaccinate tuberculosis and was later found to be beneficial in the treatment of bladder cancer.
Extraction of G-CSF lymphocytes from the blood and extends in vitro against tumor antigens before instructing cells with appropriate stimulant cytokines. The cells then destroy tumor cells that express antigens.
Topical Immunotherapy uses an immune-enhancing cream (imiquimod) that results in interferon, which causes the recipient killer T cells to destroy warts, actinic keratoses, basal cell cancers, vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, squamous cell cancer, skin lymphoma and superficial malignant melanoma.
Injectable ("intralesi" or "intratumoral") immunotherapy uses goiter, candida, HPV vaccine or trichophytin antigen injection to treat warts (HPV-induced tumors).
An adoptive cell transfer has been tested in lung and other cancers, with the greatest success achieved in melanoma.
Dendritic pump-priming based
Dendritic cells can be stimulated to activate cytotoxic responses to antigens. Dendritic cells, a type of antigen presenting cell, are taken from people who need immunotherapy. These cells then pulse with antigens or lysate tumors or transfected with viral vectors, causing them to display antigens. After transfusion to the person, these activated cells present antigens to effector lymphocytes (CD4 helper T cells, CD4 T cytotoxic cells and B cells). This initiates the cytotoxic response to tumor cells that express antigen (against the adaptive response now thought). The Sipuleucel-T cancer vaccine is one example of this approach.
transfer of T-cell adoption
In vitro adoptive transfer cells cultivate autologous, extracting T cells for later transfusion.
Alternatively, genetically engineered T cells are made by harvesting T cells and then infecting T cells with retroviruses containing a copy of the T cell receptor (TCR) gene that is devoted to recognizing tumor antigens. Viruses integrate receptors into the T cell genome. The cells are extended non-specific and/or stimulated. The cells are then reinfused and produce an immune response to tumor cells. This technique has been tested at the IV refractory stage of metastatic melanoma and advanced skin cancer
Whether the T cells are genetically engineered or not, prior to reinfusion, the receiver lymphocyte is needed to remove regulatory T cells as well as unmodified endogenous lymphocytes that compete with the transferred cells for homeostatic cytokines. Lymphodepletion can be achieved with total body irradiation. Cell transfer multiplied in vivo and persisted in peripheral blood in many people, sometimes representing 75% of all CD8 T cells at 6-12 months after infusion. In 2012, clinical trials for metastatic melanoma are ongoing in some places. Clinical response to induced T-cell transfer was observed in patients with metastatic melanoma resistant to some immunotherapies.
Improved immunity therapy
The autologous immune enhancement therapy uses natural killer cells derived from blood-borne blood cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and other relevant immune cells expanded in vitro and then reinfused. Therapy has been tested against Hepatitis C, chronic fatigue syndrome and HHV6 infection.
Immunotherapy suppression
Immune suppression reduces the abnormal immune response to autoimmune disease or reduces the normal immune response to prevent rejection of transplanted organs or cells.
Immunosuppressive drugs
Immunosuppressive drugs help manage organ transplants and autoimmune diseases. The immune response depends on the proliferation of lymphocytes. The cytostatic drug is immunosuppressive. Glucocorticoid is a more specific lymphocyte activation inhibitor, whereas immunophilic inhibitors specifically target T lymphocyte activation. Immunosuppressive antibodies target the steps in the immune response. Other drugs modulate the immune response.
Immune tolerance
The body naturally does not launch an immune system attack on its own tissues. Immune tolerance therapy seeks to reset the immune system so that the body stops erroneously attacking its own organs or cells in autoimmune diseases or receiving foreign tissue in organ transplants. Creating immunity reduces or eliminates the need for lifelong immunosuppression and the accompanying side effects. It has been tested on transplantation, and type 1 diabetes or other autoimmune disorders.
Allergic
Immunotherapy is used to treat allergies. While allergy treatments (such as antihistamines or corticosteroids) treat allergy symptoms, immunotherapy can reduce the sensitivity to allergens, reducing their severity.
Immunotherapy can produce long-term benefits. Immunotherapy is partially effective in some people and ineffective in others, but offers allergy sufferers an opportunity to reduce or stop their symptoms.
This therapy is indicated for people who are very allergic or can not avoid certain allergens. Immunotherapy is generally not indicated for food or drug allergies. This therapy is very useful for people with allergic rhinitis or asthma.
The first dose contains small amounts of allergens or antigens. Dosage increases over time, because people become sensitized. This technique has been tested on babies to prevent peanut allergies.
Helminthic Therapy
Whipworm ova ( Trichuris suis ) and Hookworm ( Necator americanus ) have been tested for immunologic and allergic diseases. Helminthic therapy has been studied as a treatment for relapse of Remission Crohn's multiple sclerosis, allergies and asthma. The mechanism by which the helminth modulates the immune response is unknown. The hypothesized mechanisms include re-polarization of Th1/Th2 responses and modulation of dendritic cell function. The lower worms regulate proinflammatory Th1 cytokines, Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interferon-Gamma (IFN-?) And Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-?), While promoting the production of Th2 regulatory cytokines such as IL-10, IL -4, IL-5 and IL-13.
Co-evolution with worms has formed several genes associated with interleukin expression and immunologic disorders, such as Crohn, ulcerative colitis and celiac disease. Helminth's relationship with the human host must be classified as mutualistic or symbiotic.
See also
- Biological response modifiers
- Checkpoint Inhibitor
- Interleukin-2 immunotherapy
- Microtransplantation
References
External links
- Langreth, Robert (February 12, 2009). "The Miracle of Cancer". Forbes .
- The International Society for Cancer Biology Therapy
- The International Cancer Research Institute of Symposia Immunotherapy Series Series
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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