Counseling psychology is a psychological specialty that includes research and work applied across multiple broad domains: the process and outcome of counseling; supervision and training; career development and counseling; and prevention and health. Some of the unifying themes among counseling psychologists include a focus on assets and strengths, people-environment interactions, educational and career development, brief interaction, and a focus on the intact personality.
In Australia, the counseling psychology program has been accredited by the Australian Psychological Society (APS). To be licensed as a counseling psychologist, one must meet the criteria for a licensed psychologist: 3 years studying a bachelor's degree in Psychology, a 4th year Honors degree or a Postgraduate Diploma in Psychology, and full-time two year supervision practice plus 80 hours of development professional.
Video Counseling psychology
History
The term "counseling" is of American origin, invented by Rogers, who, without medical qualifications prevented from his psychotherapy call his work. In the US, counseling psychology, like many modern psychology specializations, began as a result of World War II. During the war, the US military had a strong need for vocational placement and training. In the 1940s and 1950s, the Veterans Administration created a specialization called "counseling psychology", and the 17th Division (now known as the Society for Counseling Psychology) of APA was formed. The Society of Counseling Psychology brings together psychologists, students and professionals dedicated to promoting education and training, practice, scientific inquiry, diversity and public interest in the field of professional psychology. It fosters interest in counselor training, and the creation of some of the first psychology counseling psychology programs. The first PhD psychology counseling program is located at the University of Minnesota, Ohio State University, University of Maryland, College Park, University of Missouri, Teachers College, Columbia University, and University of Texas at Austin.
In the last few decades, counseling psychology as a profession has grown and is now represented in many countries around the world. The books describing the current international situation in the field include the Handbook on Counseling and Psychotherapy in the International Context ; International Handbook on Cross Cultural Counseling ; and Counseling Around the World: An International Handbook . Taken together, these volumes trace the global history of this field, explore different philosophical assumptions, counseling theories, processes and trends in different countries, and review global counselor education programs. In addition, traditional and indigenous treatments and healing methods that may precede centennial methods of modern counseling remain important in many non-western and Western countries.
Maps Counseling psychology
Jobs and salary
Counselor psychologists work in a variety of settings depending on the services they provide and the population of clients they serve. Some work in colleges and universities as teachers, supervisors, researchers, and service providers. Others are employed in independent practice that provide counseling, psychotherapy, assessment, and consulting services to individuals, couples/families, groups, and organizations. Additional arrangements where psychologists practice counseling include community mental health centers, Veterans Administration medical centers and other facilities, family services, health care organizations, rehabilitation agencies, business and industry organizations and consulting within the company.
The amount of training required for psychologists differs based on the country in which they practice. Typically, a psychologist completes a Bachelor's Degree followed by 2 years of further study and/or training. While both psychologists and psychiatrists offer counseling, a psychiatrist should have a medical degree and thus be able to prescribe drugs in which the psychologist does not.
By 2017, the average salary for counseling psychologists in the United States is US $ 88,395.
Process and results
Counselor psychologists are interested in answering various research questions about the process and outcomes of counseling. The counseling process refers to how or why counseling takes place and continues. Results counseling addresses whether counseling is effective or not, under what conditions it is effective, and what results are considered effective - such as symptom reduction, behavioral change, or improved quality of life. Topics commonly explored in counseling and outcome studies include therapeutic variables, client variables, counseling or therapeutic relationships, cultural variables, process and outcome measures, change mechanisms, and methods of process and outcome research. The classical approach emerged early in the US in the field of humanistic psychology by Carl Rogers who identified the mission of counseling interview as "to allow a deeper expression that clients would normally allow themselves"
Therapist variable
Therapist variables include counselor or psychotherapist characteristics, as well as therapeutic, behavioral, theoretical, and training techniques. In terms of therapeutic behavior, theoretical techniques and orientation, research on adherence to therapeutic models has found that adherence to specific therapeutic models may be helpful, detrimental, or neutral in terms of impact on outcomes.
A recent meta-analysis of research and training experience suggests that the level of experience has little to do with accuracy in clinical judgment. The experience of higher therapists has been found to be associated with less anxiety, but also less focus. This shows that there is still work to be done in terms of training the doctor and measuring the successful training.
Client variable
Client characteristics such as attitudes to seek help and adherence have been found to be related to the use of client counseling, as well as expectations and outcomes. Stigma against mental illness can make people not recognize the problem and seek help. Public stigma has been found to be linked to self-stigma, attitudes to counseling, and willingness to seek help.
In terms of attachment styles, avoidance-avoidance clients have been found to see greater risks and fewer benefits for counseling, and tend to seek professional help, rather than securely attached clients. Those with anxious attachment style feel greater benefits and risks to counseling. Educating clients about the expectations of counseling can improve client satisfaction, duration and treatment outcomes, and is an efficient and cost-effective intervention.
Counseling relationship
The relationship between a counselor and a client is the feelings and attitudes that clients and therapists have toward each other, and the way in which feelings and attitudes are expressed. Some theorists claim that the relationship can be considered in three parts: transference and transference, working alliances, and real or personal relationships. Other theorists argue that the concept of transference and countertransference is outdated and inadequate.
Transference can be described as the client's distorted perception of the therapist. This can have a profound effect on therapeutic relationships. For example, a therapist may have facial features that remind clients of their parents. Because of this association, if clients have significant negative or positive feelings toward their parents, they may project this feeling to the therapist. It can affect therapeutic relationships in several ways. For example, if the client has a very strong bond with their parents, they may see the therapist as a father or mother figure and have a strong relationship with the therapist. This can be a problem because as a therapist, it is unethical to have a more "professional" relationship with clients. This can also be a good thing, because the client can be very open to the therapist. Alternatively, if the client has a very negative relationship with their parents, the client may feel negative feelings toward the therapist. This can then affect the therapeutic relationship as well. For example, a client may have difficulty exposing himself to a therapist because he or she lacks trust in their parents (projecting this feeling of disbelief to the therapist).
Another theory of the functioning of counseling relations is known as the secure-base hypothesis, which is related to the theory of attachment. This hypothesis suggests that the counselor acts as a secure base from which clients can explore and then check-in. A secure attachment to a person's counselor and a generally safe attachment have been found related to client exploration. Unsafe attachment styles have been found to be associated with fewer session depths than securely installed clients.
Cultural variables
Counselor psychologists are interested in how cultures relate to the process and outcomes of assistance and counseling. The standard survey that explores the nature of cross-cultural counseling and various ethnic groups including Counseling Across Cultures by Paul B. Pedersen, Juris G. Draguns, Walter J. Lonner and Joseph E. Trimble, Handbook of Multicultural Counseling by Joseph G. Ponterotto, J. Casas Manueal, Lisa A. Suzuki and Charlene M. Alexander and the Culture, Therapeutic, and Healing Handbook by Uwe P. Gielen, Jefferson M. Fish and Juris G. Draguns. Race identity model Janet E. Helms can be useful for understanding how relationships and counseling processes may be influenced by the identity of the client's race and counselor. Recent research shows that black clients are at risk of racial micro aggression from white counselors.
The efficacy to work with lesbian, gay, or bisexual clients may be related to therapeutic demographics, gender, sexual identity development, sexual orientation, and professional experience. Clients with multiple oppressed identities may be particularly at risk for experiencing unhelpful situations with counselors, so counselors may need help with skills to work with transgender, lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender clients of colored people, and others oppressed population.
Socializing gender roles can also present problems for clients and counselors. Implications for practice include recognizing stereotypes and biases about the identity, roles and behaviors of men and women such as emotional expression. APA's guidelines for multicultural competencies outline expectations for cultural consideration in practice and research.
Counseling ethics
Perceptions about ethical behavior vary depending on geographic location, but ethical mandates are similar across the global community. Ethical standards are created to help practitioners, clients, and society avoid potential dangers or potential hazards. Standard ethical behavior centers on "not doing harm" and preventing harm.
The counselor can not share any confidential information obtained through the counseling process without specific written consent by the client or legal guardian except to prevent any obvious and imminent danger to clients or others, or when asked to do so by court order. Insurance companies or government programs will also be informed of certain information about your diagnosis and treatment to determine if your treatment is protected. The companies and government programs are bound by HIPAA to keep the information confidential.
Counselors adhered to the most professional higher standards because of their therapeutic delivery intimacy. Counselors not only avoid socializing with their clients. They should avoid multiple relationships, and never engage in sexual relationships.
Counselors should avoid giving gifts, help, or trade for therapy. In some communities, it may be avoidable given the economic standing of the community. In the case of children, children and mentally handicapped, they may feel rejected personally if the offerings are something like "cookies". As a counselor, appraisal calls should be made, but in most cases, avoid gifts, help, and trade can be maintained.
The National Council for Certified Advisors states that counselors "should discuss important considerations to avoid exploitation before entering into non-counseling relationships with former clients. Important considerations to be considered include the amount of time since termination counseling, counseling duration, client nature and circumstances of counseling, it is likely that the client will want to continue counseling at some point in the future, circumstances of service termination and possible negative effects or outcomes. "
Result measurements
The outcome measure of counseling may look at general symptoms, symptoms of certain disorders, or positive outcomes, such as subjective wellbeing or quality of life. The 45-item Questionnaire is a self-reporting 45-item psychological pressure measure. An example of the specific size of the disorder is Beck's Depression Inventory. The Quality of Life Inventory is a measure of the life satisfaction of self-report 17-items.
Research methods and results
Research on the process and outcomes of counseling uses a variety of research methodologies to answer the question of whether, how, and why counseling works. Quantitative methods include randomized controlled clinical trials, correlation studies during counseling, or laboratory research on counseling processes and specific outcome variables. Qualitative research methods may involve conducting transcript and encoding interviews; transcribing and/or encoding therapy sessions; or fine grain analysis of a single counseling session or counseling case.
Training and supervision
Professional training process
Counselor psychologists are trained in graduate programs. Almost all courses provide PhD degrees, but some provide MCouns, MEd, MA, PsyD or EdD. Most of the doctoral programs take 5-6 years to complete. Graduates working in counseling psychology include courses in general psychology and statistics, counseling, and research practice. Students must complete an original dissertation at the end of their postgraduate training. Students must also complete a full-time internship on an accredited site prior to earning their doctoral degree. In order to be licensed to practice, psychologist counselors should gain clinical experience under supervision, and pass a standardized exam.
In Australia, to become a counseling psychologist one must complete a two-year master's degree after earning a four-year degree in psychology. There are other avenues available. An important component of this master's degree is dedicated to individual, family and partner psychotherapy therapy, group therapy, developmental theory and psychopathology.
Model and research training
Counseling psychology includes the study and practice of counselor training and counselor supervision. As a researcher, psychologist counselors can investigate what makes training and supervision effective. As practitioners, psychologist counselors can supervise and train various doctors. Counselor training tends to occur in formal classes and training programs. Part of counselor training may involve counseling clients under the supervision of a licensed physician. Supervision may also occur between licensed physicians, as a way to improve the quality of work and competence of physicians with different types of counseling clients.
As a field of counseling psychology formed in the mid-20th century, early training models included Robert Carkuff's human relations training model, Norman Kagan's Interpersonal Process Recall, and Allen Ivey's microcounseling skills. Modern training models include Gerard Egan's skilled help models, and Clara E. Hill's three-stage model (exploration, insight, and action). A recent analysis of the study of counselor training found that modeling, instruction, and feedback were common for most training models, and appeared to have a moderate to large effect on trainees.
Model and surveillance research
Like the model of how clients and therapists interact, there is also a model of interaction between the therapist and their supervisor. Edward S. Bordin proposed an alliance control model similar to his therapeutic alliance working model. The Integrated Development Model considers the client's motivation/anxiety level, autonomy, and self-awareness and others. The System Approach for Supervision views the relationship between supervisor and supervision as the most important, in addition to the characteristics of the supervisor's personal characteristics, client counseling, training arrangements, and supervisory duties and functions. Critical Events in the Supervision model focus on the key moments that occur between the supervisor and the supervised.
Problems can arise in supervision and training. First, supervisors are responsible for malpractice. Also, questions have arisen as far as the supervisor's need for formal training becomes a competent supervisor. Recent research shows that conflicts, multiple relationships can occur between supervisors and clients, such as clients, instructors, and clinical supervisors. The occurrence of racial micro-aggression against Black clients shows potential problems with racial bias in surveillance. In general, conflicts between counselors and their superiors can arise when supervisors show disrespect, lack of support, and blame.
Career development and counseling
Vocational theory
There are several types of choice theory and vocational development. These types include theories of nature and factors, social cognitive theories, and developmental theories. Two examples of theoretical and factor theory, also known as environmental-person matches, are Dutch theory and Workplace Theory Adjustment.
John Holland hypothesized six types of work personality and six types of work environments: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional. When a person's vocational interests correspond to the type of work environment, this is considered congruency. Compliance has been found to predict work and college majors.
The Theory of Work Adjustment (TWA), as developed by Renà ©  © Dawis and Lloyd Lofquist, hypothesized that the correspondence between the needs of workers and strengthened systems predicts job satisfaction, and that correspondence between worker skills and job skill requirements predicts job satisfaction. Job satisfaction and personal satisfaction together should determine how long a person stays working. When there is a discrepancy between a worker's needs or skills and job needs or skills, changes need to occur both in workers and in the workplace.
Cognitive Social Cognitive Theory (SCCT) has been proposed by Robert D. Lent, Steven D. Brown and Gail Hackett. This theory takes Albert Bandura's work on self-efficacy and develops it for the development of interests, making choices, and performance. Variables of people in SCCT include self-efficacy beliefs, results expectations and personal goals. This model also includes demographics, capabilities, values, and environments. Successes and expectations of the theoretical results to interrelate and influence the development of interest, which in turn influence the choice of purpose, and then action. Environmental support and barriers also affect goals and actions. Actions lead to performance and stability of choice over time.
The career development theory proposes vocational models that include lifelong change. Donald Super's model proposes a lifelong five-stage career development process. The stages are growth, exploration, formation, maintenance, and release. Throughout life, people have many roles that may differ in terms of importance and meaning. Super also theorizes that career development is a self-concept implementation. Gottfredson also proposed a cognitive career decision-making process that developed over a lifetime. The early stages of career development are hypothesized as the development of self-image in childhood, as the various roles may be narrowed using criteria such as gender, social class, and prestige. During and after adolescence, people take abstract concepts into consideration, such as interest.
Career counseling
Career counseling may include the provision of job information, modeling skills, written exercises, and exploration of goals and career plans. Career counseling may also involve the use of a personality assessment or career interest assessment, such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, based on Carl Jung's psychological type theory, or Strong Interest Inventory, which utilizes Holland's theory. Assessment of skills, abilities, and values ​​is also often assessed in career counseling.
Professional journals
In the United States, the main scientific journals of his profession are Journal of Counseling Psychology and Counseling Psychologist .
The leading journal of counseling psychology in Australia is Journal of Australian Counseling Psychology , but it stops publishing in 2013. Counseling psychology articles can be submitted to the counseling psychology section of the Australian Psychologist .
In Europe, the scientific journals of the profession include the European Journal of Counseling Psychology (under the auspices of the Association of European Counseling Psychology) and the Counseling Psychology Review (under the auspices of the British Psychological Society). Quarterly Psychology Counseling is an international interdisciplinary publication from Routledge (part of Taylor & Francis Group).
See also
- Clinical Psychology
- List of counseling topics
- Outline of psychology
- Professional behavior analysis practice
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments