Columbia University ( Columbia , officially Columbia University in New York City ), founded in 1754, is a private Ivy League research university in Hulu Manhattan, New York City. Colombia contains the oldest college in New York state and is the fifth higher educational institution hired in the United States, making it one of the nine college colonies established prior to the Declaration of Independence. It was founded as King's College by the royal charter of George II of Great Britain and renamed Columbia College in 1784 after the American Revolutionary War. The University has produced many prominent alumni. By 2017 the rate of undergraduate admission is 5.5%, making it the third most selective college in the United States and second most selective in the Ivy League.
A 1787 charter placed the institution under a private board before being renamed Columbia University in 1896 when the campus was moved from Madison Avenue to its location in Morningside Heights which occupies 32 hectares (13 ha) of land. Columbia is one of the fourteen members of the Association of American Universities and is the first school in the United States to award a M.D. The University manages the Pulitzer Prize every year.
The university is organized into twenty schools, including undergraduate and graduate schools. The university also has several affiliates outside the US, called Columbia Global Centers.
The University has graduated many famous alumni, including five Founding Fathers of the United States, including a writer of the United States Constitution and a member of Committee Five. In 2011, there were 125 Pulitzer Prize winners and 39 Oscar winners, as well as three presidents of the United States. In 2006, there were 101 members of the National Academy who were alumni.
Video Columbia University
History
Colonial
The discussion on the establishment of a college in the Province of New York began in early 1704, at which time Colonel Lewis Morris wrote to the Association of Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Section, the missionary arm of the Church of England, persuading the community that New York City is the ideal community for establishing a college high. However, it was not until the founding of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) across the Hudson River in New Jersey that the City of New York was seriously considering establishing a college. In 1746, an act was endorsed by the New York assembly to raise funds for the establishment of a new college. In 1751, the council appointed a commission of ten New Yorkers, seven of whom were members of the Church of England, to direct the funds borne by the state lottery on the foundations of a college.
Classes originally held in July 1754 and led by the first president of the university, Dr. Samuel Johnson. Dr Johnson is the only first-class instructor in college, consisting of only eight students. Instructions are held in a new school building adjacent to Trinity Church, located on the now lesser lower Broadway in Manhattan. The college was officially established on 31 October 1754, as King's College by King George II's royal charter, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in New York state and the fifth oldest in the United States.
In 1763, Dr. Johnson succeeded in becoming president by Myles Cooper, an excited graduate of The Queen's College, Oxford, and Tory. In the political climate charged with the American Revolution, its main opponent in the campus discussion is a graduate of the 1777 class, Alexander Hamilton. The American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776, and was a major disaster for King's College operations, which suspended the instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the Continental Army. Suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The college library was looted and the only building requested to be used as the first military hospital by American and then British forces. Loyalists were forced to leave their King's College in New York, confiscated by the rebels and renamed Columbia College. The Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded King's College School.
18th century
After the Revolution, colleges turned to the State of New York to restore its vitality, pledging to make any changes to the charter that the state might require. The legislature agreed to help the college, and on May 1, 1784, it passed the "Act for granting certain rights to the College until now called King's College". The law created the Bupati's Council to oversee the attack on King's College, and, in an effort to show its support for the new Republic, the Legislature stipulated that "College in New York City before this is called King's College is forever called and is known as Columbia College" reference to Columbia, the alternative name for America. The Regents were finally aware of the damaged constitution in college in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, led by John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. In April of the same year, a new charter was adopted for a college granted power to the private board of 24 Supervisors.
On May 21, 1787, William Samuel Johnson, Dr.'s son. Samuel Johnson, elected unanimously as President of Columbia College. Prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and was elected a delegate to the Constitution Convention. For the period in the 1790s, with New York City as the federal and state capital and state under successive Federalist governments, resurrected Columbia expanded under the auspices of the Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay. Both President George Washington and Vice President John Adams attended the start of the lecture on May 6, 1789, in honor of many of the school alumni involved in the American Revolution.
of the 19th century to present
In November 1813, the College agreed to include his medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons, a new school created by the New York Regent, who formed Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. College registration, structures, and colleges were stagnant for much of the 19th century, with many college presidents doing little to change the way universities function. In 1857, the college moved from the King's College campus at Park Place to the Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, where it remained for the next forty years. During the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F.A.P. Barnard, president of Barnard College named, the institution quickly took the form of a modern university. Barnard College was founded in 1889 in response to the university's refusal to accept women. At the moment, university investment in New York real estate becomes a major source of fixed income for schools, mainly because of the expanding urban population. President of Seth Low University moved the campus from 49th Street to its present location, the wider campus in the thriving Morningside Heights neighborhood. Under the leadership of Low's successor, Nicholas Murray Butler, who served for more than four decades, Columbia quickly became the nation's premier institution for research, setting the "multiversity" model that universities would later adopt. Prior to becoming president of Columbia University, Butler founded Teachers College, as a school to prepare home economists and art teacher guides for the children of the poor, with philanthropist Grace Hoadley Dodge. Teachers College was under the auspices of Columbia University in 1893 and is currently affiliated as the Graduate School of Education university.
The research of atoms by faculty members John R. Dunning, I. I. Rabbi, Enrico Fermi and Polykarp Kusch put the Columbia Physics Department in the international spotlight in 1940 after the first nuclear pile was built to launch what became the Manhattan Project. In 1928, Seth Low Junior College was founded by Columbia University to mitigate the number of Jewish applicants to Columbia College. The college closed in 1938 because of the detrimental effects of the Great Depression and its students who were subsequently absorbed into the Extension University. In 1947, the program was reorganized as a college and was designated the School of General Studies in response to the GI's return after World War II. In 1995, the School of General Studies was once again reorganized as a full liberal arts college for non-traditional students (those who have had a academic break of one year or more, or are pursuing dual-degrees) and fully integrated into the traditional Columbia Scholars Curriculum. In the same year, the Special Programs Division - then the School of Continuing Education, and now the School of Professional Studies - was established to repeat the role of the former University Extension. While the School of Professional Studies only offers non-degree programs for lifelong learners and middle school students in the early stages, it now offers degree programs in a variety of professional and interdisciplinary fields.
In the aftermath of World War II, the discipline of international relations became the main scientific focus of the University, and in response, the International School and Public Affairs was established in 1946, utilizing resources from the faculties of political, economic, and historical sciences.
During the 1960s, Columbia experienced large-scale student activism, which culminated in the spring of 1968 when hundreds of students occupied the building on campus. The incident forced the resignation of President Columbia, Grayson Kirk and the establishment of the University Senate.
Although several university schools have accepted women over the years, Columbia College first received women in the fall of 1983, after a decade of unsuccessful negotiations with Barnard College, a university-affiliated female institution, to combine the two schools. Barnard College is still affiliated with Columbia, and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas certified by Columbia University and Barnard College.
During the late twentieth century, the University experienced significant academic, structural, and administrative changes as it developed into a major research university. For much of the 19th century, the University consisted of a decentralized and separate faculty specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Sciences. In 1979, these faculties were incorporated into the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. In 1991, the faculty of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Arts, and the School of Professional Studies merged into the School of Arts and Sciences, leading to the academic integration and centralized governance of these schools. In 2010, the International School and Public Affairs, previously a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, became an independent faculty.
Maps Columbia University
Campus
According to New York , Columbia University is the second largest landowner in New York City, after the Catholic Church.
Morningside Heights
The majority of Columbia graduates and undergraduate studies are conducted at Morningside Heights in the late nineteenth-century vision of a university campus in Seth Low where all disciplines can be taught in one location. The campus was designed with the principles of Beaux-Arts by McKim, Mead, and White architects. Columbia's main campus occupies more than six city blocks, or 32 acres (13 ha), in Morningside Heights, New York City, an environment that contains a number of academic institutions. The university has over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, residential faculty, graduate students, and staff. Nearly two dozen undergraduate dormitories (specially built or modified) are located on campus or at Morningside Heights. Columbia University has an extensive underground tunnel system for more than a century, with the oldest part that precedes this campus. Some of them remain publicly accessible, while others have been closed.
The Nicholas Murray Butler Library, known only as the Butler Library, is the largest single library in the Columbia University Library System, and is one of the largest buildings on campus. Proposed as a "South Hall" by former President Nicholas Murray Butler as an expansion plan for the Low Memorial Library stalled, the new library was funded by Edward Harkness, a supporter of Yale's campus system, and was designed by his favorite architect, James Gamble Rogers. It was completed in 1934 and renamed to Butler in 1946. The design of the neo-classical style library. The facade features a row of columns in the Ionic order above which are written by the names of great writers, philosophers, and thinkers, most read by students involved in Columbia's Core Curriculum. In 2012, Columbia's library system covers more than 11.9 million volumes, making it the eighth largest library system and the nation's fifth largest library system in the United States.
Some buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Low Memorial Library, the National Historic Landmark and the center of the campus, are listed for its architectural significance. Philosophy Hall is listed as FM radio discovery site. Also listed are Pupin Hall, another National Historic Landmark, which houses the department of physics and astronomy. Here the first experiment on uranium fission was done by Enrico Fermi. The uranium atoms split there ten days after the creation of the world's first atom in Copenhagen, Denmark.
The statue by the sculptor Daniel Chester French called Alma Mater is centered on the front steps of the Low Memorial Library. McKim, Mead & amp; White invited France to build the statue in order to be in tune with the composition of the courts and the larger library at the campus center. Wrapped in an academic dress, the female figure of Alma Mater wore a triumphant crown and sat on the throne. Scroll weapons like the throne end up in a lamp, representing the cowentia and doctrina. A book that signifies knowledge, balance in his lap, and an owl, the attribute of wisdom, hidden in the folds of his dress. His right hand holds a stick consisting of four spray of wheat, ending with a King's College crown that refers to Columbia's origin as a Kingdom institution in 1754. A local actress named Mary Lawton is said to have posed for parts of the statue. The statue was dedicated on September 23, 1903, as a gift from Mr. & amp; Mrs. Robert Goelet, and was originally covered in gold leaf. During a Columbia University rally in 1968 a bomb damaged the statue, but has since been restored. The little owl hidden in the statue is also the subject of many of the legends of Columbia, the main legend is that the first students in the new class to find the owl hidden in the statue will say a farewell speech, and that every next Columbia man who finds him will marry a student Barnard, considering that Barnard is a women's college.
The Steps, otherwise known as "Low Steps" or "Urban Beach", is a popular meeting area for Columbia students. This term refers to a long row of granite steps leading from the bottom of the campus (South Field) to its upper terrace. With designs inspired by the City Beautiful movement, steps from Low Library provide students and staff of Columbia University and Barnard College with a comfortable outdoor platform and space for informal meetings, events and ceremonies. The classic McKim facade epitomizes the classic design of the late-19th century, with columns and porches marking the entrance to important structures. On warm days when the weather is good, Low Steps are often a popular gathering place for students to sunbathe, have lunch, or play frisbee.
Other campus
In April 2007, the university purchased more than two-thirds of 17 hectares (6.9 ha) of land for a new campus in Manhattanville, an industrial estate north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street, the new campus will build homes for Columbia Business School, International School and Public Affairs, and the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. The $ 7 billion expansion plan includes destroying all but three historically significant buildings, removing existing industrial warehouses and storage lights, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments. Replacing this building would be a 6,800,000 square feet (630,000m 2 ) room for the university. Community activist groups in West Harlem fought for a variety of reasons, ranging from property protection and a fair exchange of land, to the rights of citizens. The next public hearing attracted environmental opposition. In December 2008, the State of Empire State Development Corporation of New York approved the use of a prominent domain, which, through the declaration of Manhattanville's "blighted" status, granted the government agency the right to private property suitable for public use. On May 20, 2009, the New York State Public Authority Supervisory Agency approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan and the first building under construction.
New York-Presbyterian Hospital is affiliated with medical school from Columbia University and Cornell University. By US. News & amp; World Report ' s "American Best Hospital 2009", ranked sixth overall and third among university hospitals. The Columbia medical school has a strategic partnership with the New York State Institute of Psychiatry, and is affiliated with 19 other hospitals in the US and four hospitals abroad. The health-related schools are located at Columbia University Medical Center, a 20-hectare (8.1 ha) campus located in Washington Heights neighborhood, fifty blocks from downtown. Other teaching hospitals affiliated with Columbia through the New York Presbyterian network include the Payne Whitney Clinic in Manhattan, and Payne Whitney Westchester, a psychiatric institute located in White Plains, New York. At the northern end of Manhattan Island (in Inwood neighborhood), Columbia has a 26 hectare Baker Field (11 hectares), which includes Lawrence A. Wien Stadium and facilities for field sports, outdoor tracks and tennis. There is a third campus on the west bank of the Hudson River, the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the Earth Institute in Palisades, New York, covering 64,000 hectares. The fourth is 60,000 hectares of Nevis Laboratory in Irvington, New York for the study of particle physics and motion. A satellite site in Paris, France held a class at Reid Hall.
Sustainability
In 2006, the university set up an Office of Environmental Monitoring to begin, coordinate and implement programs to reduce the university's environmental footprint. The US Green Building Council selected Manhattanville university plans for the Environmental Design Program of Leadership and Environmental Design (LEED). The plan is committed to combine smart growth, new urbanism and "green" building design principles. Columbia is one of 2030 Challenge Partners, a group of nine universities in New York City who have pledged to reduce their greenhouse emissions by 30% over the next ten years. Columbia University adopts LEED standards for all new construction and major renovations. The university requires a minimum of Silver, but through its design and review process strives to reach a higher level. This is particularly challenging for laboratories and research buildings with their intensive use of energy; however, the university also uses laboratory design guidelines that seek to maximize energy efficiency while protecting the safety of researchers.
Every Thursday and Sunday of every month, Columbia hosts greenmarket where local farmers can sell their crops to city dwellers. In addition, from April to November, Hodgson's farm, a local New York plantation center, joins a market that brings a large selection of plants and flowers in bloom. The market is one of many operated at various points across the city by the GrowNYC nonprofit group. The dining service at Columbia spends 36 percent of its food budget on local produce, as well as serving sustainably harvested seafood and fair trade coffee on campus. Columbia has been rated "B" by the 2011 High School Sustainability Report Card for its environmental initiatives and sustainability.
Academics
Graduate admissions and financial assistance
Columbia University received 36,292 applications for undergraduate classes 2020 (entering 2016). In an initial decision, 620 of the 3,520 applicants were accepted, for the admission rate of 17.61%. In a regular decision, 1,573 out of 32,772 applicants are accepted, for the acceptance rate of 4.79%. For Class 2021, 2,185 out of 37,389 applicants received for the overall acceptance rate of 5.8%, making Columbia the third most selective college in the United States behind Stanford and Harvard and the second most selective college in the Ivy League. The admission rate for grade 2022 is 5.5%, with the University receiving 2,214 out of 40,203 applicants. According to the 2012 university selectivity rating by the U.S. News & amp; World Report, which incorporates factors and generates levels among other criteria, Columbia is tied to Yale, Caltech and MIT as the most selective colleges in the country. Columbia is a diverse racial school, with about 52% of all students identifying themselves as colored people. In addition, 50% of all students receive grants from Columbia. The average grant size given to these students is $ 46,516. In 2015-2016, the annual tuition fee at Columbia is $ 50,526 for a total attendance fee of $ 65,860 (excluding rooms and meals).
On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a donation of $ 400 million to $ 600 million from alumnus media billionaire John Kluge for exclusive use for undergraduate financial assistance. Donations are one of the biggest single prizes for higher education. The exact value will depend on the final value of Kluge's estate at the time of his death; However, generous donations have helped to change the financial aid policy at Columbia. Annual rewards, fundraising, and increased spending from university donations have enabled Columbia to provide generous financial aid packages to eligible students. In 2008, students from families with incomes as high as $ 60,000 per year will have projected costs to attend universities, including room, board and academic fees, paid in full by the university. In the same year, the university ended lending to incoming and then-current students currently in financial aid, replacing loans that are traditionally part of a grant package with university grants. However, this does not apply to international students, transfer students, visiting students, or students at the School of General Studies. In the fall of 2010, admission to Columbia Columbia College College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) began receiving General Applications. Policy changes made Columbia one of the last major academic institutions and the last Ivy League university turned to the Public Applications.
Scholarships are also awarded to undergraduate students by the admissions committee. Appointments include John W. Kluge Scholars, John Jay Scholars, C. Prescott Davis Scholars, Global Scholars, Egleston Scholars, and Science Research Fellows. Designated graduates are selected by the admissions committee of the first year applicants. According to Columbia, the first four scholars "distinguish themselves because of their outstanding academic and personal achievements, dynamism, intellectual curiosity, authenticity and independence of their thinking, and the diversity that comes from their different cultures and their diverse educational experiences."
Organization
Columbia University is an independent, private, and non-sectarian institution of higher education. The company's official name is "The Trustees of Columbia University in New York City." The first university charter was granted in 1754 by King George II; however, its modern Charter was first ratified in 1787 and was last modified in 1810 by the New York State Legislature. The university is managed by 24 Supervisors, usually including the President, who serves ex officio. Supervisors themselves are responsible for choosing their successors. Six out of 24 are nominated from a pool of candidates recommended by the Columbia Alumni Association. The other six were nominated by the Council in consultation with the University Senate Executive Committee. The rest, 12 including the President, are nominated by the Supervisor himself through their internal processes. The term of office for the coach is six years. Generally, they serve no more than two consecutive terms. The Trustees appoint the President and other senior administrative officials from the university, and review and confirm the faculty appointments as necessary. They determine the university's financial and investment policies, endorse the budget, oversee the endowment funds, direct the university real estate management and other assets, and otherwise supervise the administration and management of the university.
The University Senate was founded by the Trustee after a referendum across the university in 1969. It succeeded the strength of the University Council, which was created in 1890 as a faculty body, deans, and other administrators to manage inter-Faculty affairs and consider issues of concern to the university. The University Senate is a unicameral body consisting of 107 members drawn from all university constituencies. These include the university president, Provost, the Columbia College Dean and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, all of whom serve ex officio, and five additional representatives, appointed by the President, of the university administration. The President has served as chairman of the Senate. The Senate is in charge of reviewing the education policy, physical development, budget, and external relations of the university. It monitors the welfare and academic freedom of the faculty and students' welfare.
The President of Columbia University, chosen by the Trustee in consultation with the University Senate Executive Committee and who serves on the pleasure of the Supervisor, is the university's chief executive. Assisting the President in managing the University is Provost, Senior Executive Vice President, Executive Vice President for Health and Biomedical Sciences, several other vice presidents, General Counsel, University Secretary and Faculty deans, all designated by Supervisors on the nomination of the President and serving with happy. Lee C. Bollinger became President of Columbia University 19th on June 1, 2002. A prominent advocate of affirmative action, he played a leading role in the cases of the twin Supreme Courts - Grutter v Bollinger and Gratz v Bollinger - who upheld and clarified the importance of diversity as a convincing justification for affirmative action in higher education. A leading First Amendment scholar, he is widely published on freedom of speech and the press, and serves on the faculty of Columbia Law School.
Columbia has three official colleges: Columbia College (CC), a liberal arts college that offers a Bachelor of Arts degree, the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) is an engineering and applied science school that offers Bachelor of Science degree, and The School of General Studies (GS), a liberal arts college that offers a Bachelor of Arts degree to non-traditional students who undertake full or part-time study.
The joint degree program is available through Union Theological Seminary, The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, as well as through Juilliard School. Teachers College and Barnard College are university faculty; both college presidents are deans under the governmental structure of the University. The Columbia University Senate includes faculty and student representatives from Teachers College and Barnard College serving a two-year period; all senators are granted full voting rights on matters affecting the entire University. Columbia's General Studies School also has a joint undergraduate program available through University College London, Sciences Po, City University of Hong Kong, Trinity College Dublin, and Juilliard School.
The university also has several Columbia Global Centers. in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción and Nairobi.
Ratings
Columbia University was ranked 2nd in US college for the year 2017 by the Wall Street Journal and Times Higher Education and ranked second among the Ivy League schools. It is ranked 4th overall among US national universities for 2016 by US. News & amp; World Report . Individual colleges and schools are also nationally rated by the US. News & amp; World Report for 2016 edition. Columbia Law School ranked 4th, 5th Mailman's Public Health School, 5th School of Social Work, 7th Teachers' College, 8th Columbia Business School, Doctor's College and Surgeons are tied for the 6th for research (and tied for the 51st for primary care), the Graduate School of Arts 6, the Nursing School is tied for the 8th, and the School of Engineering and Applied Science Fu Foundation (undergraduate) 13.
In 2017, Columbia ranked 8th in the world by the world's Academic Rankings , the 18th in the world by QS World University Rankings , ranking 14 globally by the Times Higher Education Ranked World Universities , and 8 in the world by the U.S. News and World Report .
Peringkat oleh organisasi lain termasuk Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation # 2, dan Graduate School of Journalism # 1.
Between 1996 and 2008, 18 Columbia affiliates have won the Nobel Prize, nine of whom are faculty members while one is an additional senior research scientist (Daniel Tsui) and the other is Global Fellow (Kofi Annan). The Columbia Faculty was awarded the Nobel Prize including Richard Axel, Martin Chalfie, Eric Kandel, Tsung-Dao Lee, Robert Mundell, Orhan Pamuk, Edmund S. Phelps, Joseph Stiglitz, and Horst L. Stormer. Other awards and awards won by faculty include 30 winners of the MacArthur Foundation Award, 4 National Science Medal Award recipients, 43 National Academy of Science Award winners, 20 National Academy Award winners, 38 Institute of National Academy awards, and 143 Americans. Winner of the Academy of Arts and Sciences Award.
By 2015, Columbia University ranks first in the state with an average professor's salary. In 2011, the ParisTech Mine: The World Ranking of the University of Professionals ranked 3 of Columbia's best universities to form CEOs in the US and 12 worldwide.
Research
Columbia is the first North American site where the uranium atoms are split. The College of Physicians and Surgeons play a central role in developing a modern understanding of neuroscience with the publication of Principles of Neural Science, described by the historian of science Katja Huenther as "neuroscience". The book was written by a team of Columbia researchers including Nobel Prize winners Eric Kandel, James H. Schwartz, and Thomas Jessell. Columbia is the birthplace of FM radio and lasers. The MPEG-2 algorithm for transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by Dimitris Anastassiou, a professor of electrical engineering at Columbia. Biologist Martin Chalfie was the first to introduce the use of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in labeling cells in whole organisms. Findings and other products related to Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) technology to create LCD, Art Management System (SMARTS), Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (used for audio, video, chat, instant messaging and whiteboarding), pharmacopoeia , Macromodel (software for computational chemistry), new and better recipes for glass concrete, Blue LEDs, and Beamprop (used in photonics). The Columbia scientists have been credited with about 175 new discoveries in the health sciences each year. More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on inventions and discoveries made at Columbia reach the market. These include Remicade (for arthritis), Reopro (for blood clotting complications), Xalatan (for glaucoma), Benefix, Latanoprost (glaucoma treatment), shoulder prosthesis, homocysteine ​​(testing for cardiovascular disease), and Zolinza ( for cancer therapy). Columbia Technology Ventures (formerly Science and Technology Ventures), in 2008, manages about 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements. The patent-related offer generated Columbia over $ 230 million in fiscal 2006, according to universities, more than any university in the world. Columbia has many unique research facilities, such as the Columbia Institute for Tele-Information dedicated to telecommunications and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, which is an NASA-affiliated astronomical observatory.
Student life
Student
By 2017, Columbia University's student population is 32,429 (8,868 undergraduate and 23,561 in graduate students), with 42% of the student population identifying themselves as a minority and 28% born outside the United States. Twenty-six percent of students in Columbia have a family income of under $ 60,000, making it one of the most socioeconomic top-tier colleges. Sixteen percent of students in Columbia receive Federal Pell Grants, most of which are awarded to students whose family income is under $ 40,000. Fifteen percent of students are the first members of their family to attend a four-year course.
Campus housing is guaranteed for four years as a bachelor degree. Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) share housing in dormitories on campus. The first year students usually live in one of the big dorms located around South Lawn: Hartley Hall, Wallach Hall (originally Livingston Hall), John Jay Hall, Furnald Hall or Carman Hall. The senior members participate in the process of choosing the room, where students can choose to live in a blend of corridor-style housing or apartments with their friends. The Columbia University School of Public Studies, Barnard College and graduate school have apartment-style housing in the neighborhood.
Columbia University is home to many fraternity, college societies, and an educational Greek organization. Approximately 10-15% of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life. Many Barnard women also joined Columbia's lectures. There has been a Greek presence on campus since its establishment in 1836 from the Delta Chapter of Alpha Delta Phi. The InterGreek Board is a self-governing student organization that provides guidance and support to its member organizations in each of the three councils at Columbia, the Interfraternity Council, the Panhellenic Council and the Multicultural Council of Greece. The three presidents of the council brought their affiliated chapters together once a month to meet as a Greek community. The InterGreek Board meeting provides an opportunity for member organizations to learn from each other, work together and advocate for community needs.
Publications
The Columbia Daily Spectator is the second oldest student newspaper in the country; and The Blue and White , a monthly literature magazine founded in 1890, discusses campus life and local politics in print and on its daily blog, dubbed Bwog . The Morningside Post is a student-managed multimedia news publication. It contained: investigative news written by students, analysis of international affairs, opinions, and satire.
Political publications include The Current , political journals, cultures, and Jewish Affairs; Columbia Political Review , a multi-partisan political magazine from the Columbia Political Union; and AdHoc , marking itself as a "progressive" campus magazine and mostly dealing with local political issues and art events.
Art and literature publications include The Columbia Review , the nation's oldest literary magazine; Columbia , the national literary journal; Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism ; and The Mobius Strip , an online magazine of art and literature. Inside New York is an annual guide to New York City, authored, edited and published by Columbia students. Through a distribution agreement with Columbia University Press, the book is sold at major retailers and independent bookstores.
Columbia is home to many scholarly academic publications. The Political Journal & amp; Society , is an undergraduate research journal in the social sciences, published and distributed nationally by the Helvidius Group; Publius is a journal of political scholarship established in 2008 and published twice a year; Columbia East Asia Review enables students worldwide to publish original works on China, Japan, Korea, Tibet and Vietnam and supported by Weatherhead East Asian Institute; and The Birch , is a journal of cultural scholars of Eastern Europe and Eurasia which is the first journal of national-managed students of its kind; Columbia Political Review , a political undergraduate magazine operated by Columbia Political Union; Columbia Economics Review , an undergraduate economic journal on research and policy supported by the Columbia Department of Economics; and Columbia Science Review is a science magazine that prints general interest articles, faculty profiles, and student research papers.
The Fed is a satire and weekly investigation, and Jester of Columbia , a new (and often) revived humor magazine, incorporating humor into local life. Other publications include The Columbian , the undergraduate yearbook published annually Gadfly's yearbook, the popular biennial journal of student philosophy; and Rhapsody in Blue , an undergraduate urban studies magazine. Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include Current Musicology and The Journal of Philosophy . During the spring semester, graduate students in Journalism School publish The Bronx Beat, a bi-weekly newspaper covering the South Bronx. Teachers College publishes Teachers College Record , a journal of research, analysis, and commentary on education, published continuously since 1900.
Founded in 1961 under the auspices of the Columbia School's Graduate School of Journalism, the Columbia Journalism Review (CJR) examines the daily press performance as well as the forces that affect that performance. The magazine is published six times a year, and offers reports, analysis, criticism, and comments. CJR.org, its website, provides real-time criticism and reporting, providing CJR attendance in ongoing conversations about the media.
Broadcasting
Columbia is home to two pioneers in college campus radio broadcasts, WKCR-FM and CTV. Many students are also involved with Barnard radio station, WBAR. WKCR, a student who runs a radio station that broadcasts to the Tri-State region, claims to be the world's oldest FM radio station, due to a university affiliation with Major Edwin Armstrong. The station began operations on July 18, 1939, from a 400-foot tall antenna tower in Alpine, New Jersey, which broadcasted the world's first FM transmission. Initially, WKCR was not a radio station, but an organization concerned with radio communication technology. However, as the membership grew, the newborn club changed efforts to broadcast. Armstrong helped the students in their initial efforts, donating microphones and turntables as they designed their first emergency studio in a dorm room. The station has its studio on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitting tower on 4 Times Square in Midtown Manhattan. Columbia Television (CTV) is the second oldest television station in the country and home of CTV News, a weekly live program produced by undergraduate students.
UN Debates and Models
The Philolexian Society is a literary and debating club founded in 1802, making it Columbia's oldest student group, as well as the nation's third oldest college literary association. Society every year manages Joyce Kilmer Poetry Contest. Columbia's Parliamentary Debate Team competes in tournaments across the country as part of the American Parliamentary Debate Association, and organizes high school and college tournaments on the Columbia campus, as well as public debates on issues affecting the university.
Columbia International Relations Council and Association (CIRCA), oversees Columbia's United Nations activities. CIRCA conducts UN high school lectures and conferences, influential host speakers in international politics to speak on campus, train students from underprivileged schools in New York in the UN Model and oversee competitive teams, who travel to colleges across the country and to an international conference every year. The competitive team consistently won the award of the best and outstanding delegates and is regarded as one of the top teams in the country.
Technology and entrepreneurship
The Emerging Employers Organization Columbia University (INTI) was founded in 1999. The student-managed group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus. Each year CORE hosts dozens of events, including talks, #StartupColumbia, conferences and business competitions for $ 250,000, and Ignite @ CU, weekend for subordinates interested in design, engineering, and entrepreneurship. Notable speakers include Peter Thiel, Jack Dorsey, Alexis Ohanian, Drew Houston, and Mark Cuban. In 2006, CORE has provided undergraduate and undergraduate students over $ 100,000 in initial capital.
CampusNetwork, a social networking site on campus called Campus Network that preceded Facebook, was made and popularized by Columbia engineering student Adam Goldberg in 2003. Mark Zuckerberg then asked Goldberg to join him in Palo Alto to work on Facebook, but Goldberg refused the offer.. The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science offer a minor in Technical Entrepreneurship through the Center for Technology, Innovation, and Community Engagement. SEAS entrepreneurship activities focus on community building initiatives in New York and around the world, made possible through partners such as Microsoft Corporation.
Columbia is a major supplier of young entrepreneurs in New York City. Over the last 20 years, Columbia graduates have established more than 100 technology companies. Mayor Bloomberg has provided over $ 6.7 million for entrepreneurship programs that partner with Columbia and other universities in New York. Professor Chris Wiggins from the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science in collaboration with Professor Evan Korth of New York University and Hilary Mason, chief scientist at bit.ly to facilitate the growth of tech startup students in an effort to transform New York City financially centralized to Silicon Valley next. Their website, hackny.org, is a gathering place for ideas and discussion for New York's young entrepreneur community, Silicon Alley.
On June 14, 2010, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg launched the NYC Media Lab to promote innovation in the media industry in New York. Located at the School of Engineering Tandon School of New York, the lab is a consortium of Columbia University, the University of New York, and the New York City Economic Development Corporation which acts to connect companies with universities in new technology research. Labs were modeled after similar ones at MIT and Stanford. A $ 250,000 grant from New York City Economic Development Corporation was used to establish the NYC Media Lab. Each year, the lab will host roundtable discussions between the private sector and academic institutions. It will support research projects on content format topics, next generation search technology, computer animation for movies and games, emerging marketing techniques, and new device development. The laboratory will also create a database of media research and development. Columbia University will coordinate the long-term direction of the media lab as well as the involvement of its faculty and other universities.
Athletics
A member institution of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in Division I FCS, a Columbia University field team at 29 sports and a member of the Ivy League. The Football Lions played a home match at 17,000-seat Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium. The Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, tennis, tracks and rowing, as well as the new Campbell Sports Center opened in January 2013. Basketball, fencing, swimming & dive, volleyball and wrestling programs are housed at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus.
Former students include Baseball Hall of Famers Lou Gehrig and Eddie Collins, Famer Sid Luckman's football hall, Marcellus Wiley, and women's weight lifting world champion Karyn Marshall. On May 17, 1939, an NBC novice broadcast a doublet carrier between Columbia Lions and Princeton Tigers at Columbia's Baker Field, making it the first regular athletic event to be aired on television in history.
Athletics Columbia University has a long history, with many achievements in the field of athletics. In 1870, Columbia played against Rutgers University in the second football match in sports history. Eight years later, the Columbia crew won the famous Henley Royal Regatta in the first defeat of a British crew rowing in British waters. In 1900, Olympian and Columbia College students Maxie Long set the first official world record in 400 meters with a time of 47.8 seconds. In 1983, Colombian men's soccer went 18-0 and was ranked first in the country, but lost to Indiana 1-0 in double overtime in the NCAA championship game; Nevertheless, the team went further towards the NCAA title than the Ivy League football team in history. Unfortunately, this football program is famous for the record of the futility made during the 1980s: between 1983 and 1988, the team lost 44 games in a row, which is still a record for the NCAA Football Championship. The streak broke down on October 8, 1988, with a 16-13 victory over Princeton University. It was the Lions' first win at Wien Stadium, which had been opened for a four-year losing streak. The new tradition has grown with the Liberty Cup. The Liberty Cup is awarded annually to the winner of a football match between Fordham and Columbia University, two of only three NCAA Division football teams I in New York City. The tradition began in 2002, a year after the Fordham-Columbia match was postponed due to the September 11 attacks.
World Leaders Forum
Founded in 2003 by university president Lee C. Bollinger, the World Leaders Forum at Columbia University provides an opportunity for undergraduate and postgraduate students to listen to world leaders in government, religion, industry, finance, and academia. The World Leaders Forum is a series of events throughout the year that seek to provide a platform for unhindered speech among countries and cultures, while educating students on issues and progress around the world.
All Columbia students and graduates and students of Barnard College and other Columbia affiliate schools may apply to participate in the World Leadership Forum using their student ID. Even for individuals who do not have the privilege of attending live events, they can watch the forum through online video on the Columbia University website.
Previous forum speakers include former US President Bill Clinton, Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Former President of Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor, Afghan President Hamid Karzai, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, President of Mozambique Republican Joaquim Alberto Chissano, President of the Republic of Bolivia Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert , President of the Republic of Romania Ion Iliescu, President of the Republic of Latvia Vaira V ?? e-Freiberga, Finland's first female President Tarja Halonen, President Yudhoyono of Indonesia, President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, President of Iraq Jalal Talabani, 14th Dalai Lama, President of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, investor George Soros, Mayor of New York City Michael R. Bloomberg, President of VÃÆ'¡clav Klaus Czech Republic, President Cristina FernÃÆ'¡ndez de Kirchner of Argentina, former Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, and Al Gore.
More
The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896, and is the oldest university orchestra still operating in the United States. Composer undergraduate students at Columbia may choose to engage with Columbia New Music, which is sponsoring a music concert written by undergraduate students from all Columbia schools.
There are a number of performing arts groups in Columbia dedicated to producing student theaters, including Columbia Players, King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe (KCST), Columbia Musical Theater Society (CMTS), NOMADS (Literary and Guided Materials), LateNite Theater , Columbia University Performing Arts League (CUPAL), Black Theater Ensemble (BTE), Chowdah group comedy sketches, and Alfred and Fruit Paunch improvisations. The Columbia University Marching Band tells jokes during the Orgo Night campus tradition.
The Columbia Queer Alliance is a central Columbia student organization representing a population of bisexual, lesbian, gay, transgender and student questions. It is the oldest gay student organization in the world, founded as a Homophile Student League in 1967 by students including lifelong activist Stephen Donaldson. The Columbia University campus military group includes US Military Veterans from Columbia University and Advocates for Columbia ROTC. In the 2005-06 academic year, the Columbia Military Association, a Columbia student group for ROTC and prospective marine officers, was renamed the Hamilton Society for "students aspiring to serve their nation through the military in the Alexander Hamilton tradition".
The university also has an independent nonprofit organization, Community Impact, which tries to serve disadvantaged people in Harlem, Washington Heights, and Morningside Heights communities. Since its inception as a single service initiative set up in 1981 by Columbia University students, Community Impact has grown into the largest student service organization at Columbia University. CI provides food, clothing, shelter, education, job training, and friendship for residents in the surrounding community. CI consists of a special corps of approximately 950 Columbia University student volunteers who participate in 25 community service programs, serving more than 8,000 people each year.
Student activism
The 1968 protest
Students started a large demonstration in 1968 on two major issues. The first is a Columbia-proposed gymnasium in nearby Morningside Park; was seen by protesters as an act of aggression aimed at blacks in neighboring Harlem. The second problem was the failure of the Columbia administration to withdraw from its institutional membership at the Pentagon Institute for Defense Analyze (IDA) arms research institute. The students blocked themselves in the Low Library, Hamilton Hall, and several other university buildings during the protests, and the New York City police were summoned to campus to arrest or forcibly remove students.
The protests reached two of their stated goals. Columbia was deprived of the IDA and canceled plans for a controversial gym, building a physical underground fitness center under the north end of the campus instead. The popular myth suggests that the gym plan was eventually used by Princeton University for the expansion of its athletic facilities, but because Jadwin Gymnasium was over 50% in 1966 (when the Columbia gym was announced) this is definitely not true. At least 30 Columbia students were suspended by the government as a result of the protests. Many of the '68 Class came out of their graduation and held a counter-campaign at Low Plaza with a picnic following at Morningside Park, where the protests began. The protests hurt Columbia financially as many prospective students chose to attend other universities and some alumni refused to donate money to school. Allan Bloom, a professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago, believes that the protest at Columbia is responsible for encouraging further higher education toward the liberal left. As a result of the protest, Bloom stated, "American universities are no longer a place of intellectual and academic debate, but rather places of 'political correctness' and liberalism."
Protests against racism and apartheid
Further student protests, including hunger strikes and more Hamilton Hall and Business School barricades during the late 1970s and early 1980s, aimed to convince university trustees to release all university investments in companies deemed to be active or silent supporters - silent from the apartheid regime in South Africa. A prominent rise in protest occurred in 1978, while following the celebration of the ten-year anniversary of student uprising in 1968, students lined up and united in protest at the university's investment in South Africa. The Committee Against Investment in South Africa (CAISA) and many student groups including the Socialist Action Committee, the Black Student Organization and the Gay Students group joined together and successfully pressed for the first US university first divestment.
The early (and partial) Columbia divestment, focused primarily on bonds and financial institutions directly involved with the South African regime. It follows the first one-year campaign initiated by students who have worked together to block the appointment of former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to the seat awarded at the university in 1977.
Widely supported by a group of students and many faculty members, the Investment Against Chamber in South Africa holds teaching and demonstration throughout the year that focuses on bonding guardians to companies that do business with South Africa. The guard meetings were guarded and interrupted by demonstrations that culminated in May 1978 in the takeover of the Graduate School of Business.
The controversy of Ahmadinejad's speech
International Schools and Public Affairs extended invitations to heads of state and government heads who came to New York City for the opening of the UN General Assembly fall. In 2007, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was one of those invited to speak on campus. Ahmadinejad accepted his invitation and spoke on September 24, 2007, as part of the Columbia University World Leadership Forum. The invitation proved very controversial. Hundreds of demonstrators stormed the campus on Sept. 24 and the speech itself was broadcast around the world. University President Lee C. Bollinger tries to dispel the controversy by letting Ahmadenijad speak, but with a negative introduction (given personally by Bollinger). This does not alleviate those who are unhappy with the fact that the Iranian leader has been invited to the campus. Columbia students, though, turned out en masse to listen to a speech at South Lawn. An estimated 2,500 students and graduates are out for historic events.
During his speech, Ahmadinejad criticized Israel's policy towards Palestine; calling for research on the historical accuracy of the Holocaust; raised the question of who initiated the 9/11 attacks; defended Iran's nuclear power program, criticized UN sanctions policy in the country; and attacked US foreign policy in the Middle East. Responding to questions about Iran's treatment of women and homosexuals, he insists that women are respected in Iran and that "In Iran we do not have homosexuals like in your country... In Iran we do not have this phenomenon I do not know who told you this. "The last statement drew laughter from the audience. The Manhattan District Prosecutors Office accused Columbia of receiving grants from the Alavi Foundation to support "sympathetic" faculty of the Islamic republic of Iran.
ROTC controversy
Beginning in 1969, during the Vietnam War, the university did not allow the US military to have an Officer Corps Training (ROTC) program on campus, although Columbia students could participate in the ROTC program at other local universities and universities. At a university forum during the 2008 presidential election campaign, both John McCain and Barack Obama said that the university should consider returning the ROTC on campus. After the debate, the President of the University, Lee C. Bollinger, stated that he does not support returning the ROTC Columbia program, due to the military's anti-gay policy. In November 2008, the Columbia undergraduate body instituted a referendum on the question of whether to invite the ROTC back to campus, and students who voted almost were evenly divided on this issue. ROTC loses votes (which will not bind the administration, and excludes graduate students, faculty, or alumni) with a fraction of the percentage points.
In April 2010 during Admiral Mike Mullen's speech at Columbia, President Lee C. Bollinger stated that the ROTC would be accepted back to campus if the admiral's plan to deprive did not ask, do not say the policy was successful. In February 2011 at one of three town hall meetings about the ROTC ban, former Army Staff Sergeant Anthony Maschek, the recipient of Purple Heart for injuries sustained during his service in Iraq, was booed and hissed by several students during his speech promoting the idea. allows ROTC on campus. In April 2011, the Columbia University Senate voted to welcome the ROTC program on campus. Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus and Columbia University President Lee C. Bollinger signed an agreement to return the Navy's Marine Corps Training (NROTC) program for Columbia for the first time in more than 40 years on May 26, 2011. The agreement was signed at a ceremony on board USS Iwo Jima , anchored in New York for the annual Naval Fleet Week.
Divestment from private prison
In February 2014, after learning that the university had more than $ 10 million invested in the private prison industry, a group of students sent a letter to President Bollinger's office to request a meeting and officially launched the Columbia Prison Divest (CPD) campaign. On June 30, 2013, Columbia invested in Correction Corporation of America, the largest private prison company in the United States, and G4, the largest multinational security company in the world. Students demand that the university remove this ownership from the industry and impose a future investment ban on private prisons industry. Aligning itself with the growing Movement for Black Life and in conversation with increased attention to race and mass detention systems, CPD student activists held events to raise awareness of the issue and work to engage a large number of Columbia and West Harlem members. communities in campaign activities. After eighteen months of student organization, the Columbia University Board of Trustees voted to support a petition for divestment from a private prison company, confirmed to student leaders on June 22, 2015. The Columbia Prison Divest campaign was the first successful campaign to get a US university to divest from industry private prisons.
Tradition
Orgo Night
In one of the longest tradition of school, it began in 1975, at midnight before the Organic Chemistry exam - often the first day of the final exam - Columbia University Marching Band stormed and briefly occupied the room
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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